'I don't understand... why do people keep giving me negative reps? :cry:

[TRUENOCOUPE]

:wtc:

Here's a funny thing... 12-01-2005 01:32 AM Maybe if you weren't such an ass, people wouldn't harass you.

Here's a funny thing... 12-01-2005 06:35 AM talk about holding a grudge from 3 months ago

Buttonwillow- March 3rd 01-17-2006 05:24 PM you're a dumbass filipino, go back to the PI

D1 Drivers Search... 02-16-2006 08:03 PM I'm no idiot

Myspace'r - Who can... 02-24-2006 07:50 AM Don't be thuggin on V. Not cool.

Myspace'r - Who can... 02-27-2006 12:17 AM You're a fuckin' retard and your driving skills are just as fucked as your car when you crash......bitch. =)

Luke opens up shop Sr... 03-23-2006 07:27 AM Stop string up shit before you get banned.

UFC:Hughes vs Gracie 05-31-2006 03:06 AM Well seeing that this is a competition. There was dis filipino, chinese, and one portugi. they was hiking up dis mountain on a very hot and sunny day and they when stop for a rest. the chinese and the potugi when ask the filipino what he brought. h

[TRUENOCOUPE]

my life, my car, over,... 06-18-2006 06:37 AM die

Best route to WSIR from... 06-12-2006 07:09 PM die

No more norcal. 06-06-2006 04:21 PM Seriously, get a life.

Altamont Inventational... 06-06-2006 04:01 PM Yeah.... That's it... Lukes Nuts baby...

Altamont Inventational... 06-06-2006 07:25 AM your worthless...hit the big bank yourself and lets see that shit....

No more norcal. 06-04-2006 01:08 AM loser

[cfrost]

yeah, someone is stalking me with this negative rep stuff, it's hurting my feelings really bad and making me want to listen to linkin park


my life, my car, over,... 06-17-2006 11:38 PM die
9,990 mile kouki on ebay 06-13-2006 04:35 PM die
Altamont Inventational... 06-06-2006 11:28 AM die
No more norcal. 05-30-2006 06:42 PM die
Drift Day 1 NM 05-24-2006 12:07 PM die


here are some of my favorites:
No more norcal. 05-18-2006 12:05 AM shut the fook up...

who the hell says "fook"? is this the 4th grade? fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck

No more norcal. 05-18-2006 08:30 AM You jerk it that much?

not sure what this has to do with norcal.

Now I will F5 on my rep and see "die"

[TRUENOCOUPE]

yeah, someone is stalking me with this negative rep stuff, it's hurting my feelings really bad and making me want to listen to linkin park


my life, my car, over,... 06-17-2006 11:38 PM die
9,990 mile kouki on ebay 06-13-2006 04:35 PM die
Altamont Inventational... 06-06-2006 11:28 AM die
No more norcal. 05-30-2006 06:42 PM die
Drift Day 1 NM 05-24-2006 12:07 PM die

Sound like someone hate us both. :wtc:

my life, my car, over,... 06-18-2006 06:37 AM die
Best route to WSIR from... 06-12-2006 07:09 PM die

[blu808]

Al Lagura and i actually had a conversation today in a polite mature manner. He clarified some things with me, and i clarified things with him.

I dont hold a grudge on Al anymore and i wish i had spoken with him months ago, instead of making myself look like an idiot by lashing back with immature and degrading comments.

I see now that eventhough he was instigating arguments with me it wasnt getting me anywhere but in a hole from trying to get back at him. Same with that rx-7 thread.

Sorry to everyone on here for wasting forum space, time, and participating in drame.



Yea yea now you are all going to think im apologizing to Al. But i am just setting the record straight. Its not an apology. lol

[TRUENOCOUPE]

But hey. I got some Positive reps.

Altamont Inventational... 06-07-2006 12:13 AM al your hilarious!! -George

Altamont Inventational... 06-06-2006 10:14 PM your efforts to speak your mind with luke have not gone unappreciated...i hate the luke fanboys...its good to know that some of us know the real story about luke...

No more norcal. 06-04-2006 02:55 PM Damn these idiots Al. They all get worked up over nothing

No more norcal. 05-31-2006 10:32 PM al, youve been cool since we were on sro together. - spidey

UFC:Hughes vs Gracie 05-31-2006 03:23 PM Hey Al, screw these idiots. I know you are cool. -Matt Chase

Luke opens up shop Sr... 03-23-2006 05:28 PM how many SR motors has he gown through again?

Buttonwillow- March 3rd 03-05-2006 10:09 PM Great Event! - DJPimpFlex

Formula d 01-19-2006 02:25 AM here's one cause you are honest

Formula d 01-18-2006 12:42 AM Because having an ls1 makes me a good driver, haha.

Here's a funny thing... 12-01-2005 07:34 AM xander is an idiot

paint shop looking to... 09-30-2005 09:15 PM Thanks for your nice comments about me in the paint shop thread - Joe

[ManoNegra]

The first step in your journey is to think blue grasshopper...

[s13silvia03]

this thread is so emo

[TRUENOCOUPE]

Al Lagura and i actually had a conversation today in a polite mature manner. He clarified some things with me, and i clarified things with him.

I dont hold a grudge on Al anymore and i wish i had spoken with him months ago, instead of making myself look like an idiot by lashing back with immature and degrading comments.

I see now that eventhough he was instigating arguments with me it wasnt getting me anywhere but in a hole from trying to get back at him. Same with that rx-7 thread.

Sorry to everyone on here for wasting forum space, time, and participating in drame.
I think you were talking to my little sister on AIM dude... :ugh:

[cfrost]

drift day 32 irwindale 05-25-2006 01:10 PM For be ing a sexy guy with a ugly bumper.

:2f2f:

[TRUENOCOUPE]

this thread is so emo

I have this ready.

http://www.unitedmfrs.com/images/shop/2631.jpg

[ramblux]

Hahaha, this is so great. People don't realize that Al and yes even Cfrost feed on this.


Long live Al and Colin!

[TRUENOCOUPE]

Hahaha, this is so great. People don't realize that Al and yes even Cfrost feed on this.


Long live Al and Colin!

Why are you trolling on my thread dude?
What did I ever do to you?

:(

[ManoNegra]

^ See, there's your answer. You're coming accross hostile and defensive. People here see that will instigate you.

[cfrost]

That's not how it works Al.

You can't post about stuff like that. You just have to negative rep him, and use words like "fook." Just don't let him know you don't like him. :madfawk: :madfawk: :madfawk: Keep it on negative rep. anonymous. that's safe.

also, die.

(i haven't received the "die" for this thread yet. it'd be cool if i got some "die" positive reps, cuz then you could let me know that you want me to die and i can get those fashionable green squares below my name and girls will like me)

:fruit:

i <3 mike

[TheSquidd]

http://www.squidd.org/stupid/cry.jpg

http://www.squidd.org/stupid/angst.jpg

And other classic internet hits, only 9.99!

[TRUENOCOUPE]

^ See, there's your answer. You're coming accross hostile and defensive. People here see that will instigate you.


:ugh:

(This message was brought you by Viagra)

[Chasmoore04]

You must spread some Reputation around before giving it to TRUENOCOUPE again.


This is such bullshit

[TRUENOCOUPE]

You must spread some Reputation around before giving it to TRUENOCOUPE again.


This is such bullshit

What are you blabbing about fat ass.

[Chasmoore04]

+ Altamont Inventational... 06-07-2006 12:52 AM -7 rep point for you
- Altamont Inventational... 06-07-2006 12:06 AM uhmmm ok
+ Altamont Inventational... 06-06-2006 10:57 PM +100 for al ftw
- Altamont Inventational... 06-06-2006 07:28 PM AL lagura is your dad.
+ Altamont Inventational... 06-06-2006 05:56 PM yeeeeeeeeeeeaaaaaaaaaa

I am getting mixed emotions from these people.

Right now I am sitting at +93 points, which is more then you dicks can say

And no, al is NOT my dad, that he knows of.

[Chasmoore04]

Al and I watched "Fever Pitch"

Where it began, I can't begin to know when
But then I know it's growing strong
Oh, wasn't the spring, whooo
And spring became the summer
Who'd believe you'd come along

Hands, touching hands, reaching out
Touching me, touching you
Oh, sweet Caroline
Good times never seem so good
I've been inclined to believe it never would

And now I, I look at the night, whooo
And it don't seem so lonely
We fill it up with only two, oh
And when I hurt
Hurting runs off my shoulder
How can I hurt when holding you

Oh, one, touching one, reaching out
Touching me, touching you
Oh, sweet Caroline
Good times never seem so good
Oh I've been inclined to believe it never would

Ohhh, sweet Caroline, good times never seem so good

[TRUENOCOUPE]

o, hopefully, this is interesting news for you. It would be something good to read if you are bored at work, or have no social life. But read it anyway, because you all know, you all know you have nothing better to do.

My parts line has been moving, slowly, and I blame myself. The big issue is where to store the stuff. I am moving to the LBC next month, so I don't want to order a crate of product and then have to move it all. But if you guys want to order, I can do sample orders for my shift-lock friends. Colin has been using the parts on his car, so far, with no problems. He is doing very well also, in all the events he drives in. Any relation? Probably not, but they haven't broken yet. Colin can share more input on these, as soon as he ditches those "stickers". And rocks a......Shit.

I still haven't thought of a name for this whole project, but I am leaning towards four friends. Why? Well that's what the company really is. You may have met or seen my "crew" at some events, changing my tires or fixing my car while I sleep. They are great guys, but they stick mostly to Honda stuff so you wont see them here or on any other drifting forum. I think that's what I am going to go with. But then there's the FF part, for friends, FF, damnit. Ill keep you posted.

I have contacted another company over seas, hopefully trying to sell there parts here. They make some kickass stuff, I showed Colin some photos today, and he seemed to be all smiles. The good thing about this company, is that I will be selling, gasp, corolla parts. And who better to test them then our beloved Pat. He doesn't know it, but if he agrees, he will be my newest test drive, sort of like a Colin of the 86 world. Yea, Lance will probably rocking the stuff too, if I can touch his mustache.

I am holding off on my super crazy angle kits, cause they are becoming expensive for me to test. Don't worry Dforce, one day, one day.

Well, I have a bunch of real racing parts now, and personally, I think it blows away a lot of the crap out there.

That comes to me, personally, and I really enjoy watching Entourage.

My car is not progressing. All my money goes into the move, tires(no more hookups), and the business. It is getting some new wheels per Jline and fenders and fresh paint, yay. It will be looking right for the event I am working on.

The event, well, I cant say much right now, except it will be the biggest drifting event that has been held in the us, that the entry fee is unbelievable, lots of money for the winner, and mike Jones will be there. If you want to know more, you cant, until I drop the ball on it. It will be after summer.

So yea, I hope you are all well, as for me, you'll be seeing me around much more.


Chas

[TRUENOCOUPE]

This repping thing is the most retarded thing evar. This reminds me of 2000 forums of who can be so e-cool.

This is for people that has no balls and retards.

[Chasmoore04]

The War and Reconstruction in Sierra Leone
Freetown.

To understand post-war reconstruction in Sierra Leone one has to first understand the war. Without such an understanding, reconstruction runs the risk of rebuilding the causes of war. The eight-year war in Sierra Leone began as a revolutionary guerilla insurgency. A group of radical students, alienated by political thuggery and deteriorating conditions in Sierra Leone’s university and schools during the 1980s, dreamed of a new and more accountable government. A handful, supported by Libya and led by charismatic army corporal Foday Sankoh, began guerrilla training in Benghazi, later gaining combat experience in the civil war in neighboring Liberia before launching a cross-border strike into Sierra Leone in March 1991.

The theory of guerrilla war suggests that a handful of dedicated revolutionaries taking to the hills or forests can out-face a much larger conventional army if the guerrilla group enjoys local support. The organizers of the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) hoped to gain support from alienated peasants in the eastern border districts before rallying students and unemployed young people throughout the country. But by deploying Liberian-style terror against rural chiefs and merchants the RUF failed to gain any significant peasant following. It survived because it seized and forcibly inducted youngsters as loyal supporters. The RUF also combed rural areas for adult dissidents, and found willing recruits among laborers in border-zone diamond pits. Nonetheless, it found itself hemmed into forest enclaves by irregulars recruited and trained by loyalist army officers and by local civil defense teams.

A temporary peace
After the election of 1996, the army was sidelined and nominal peace was reached with the RUF. The civil defense militia that helped to bring about the peace, however, came mostly from the South and East of the country and government reliance on it upset the balance of power among the political elites. As a result, the northern-dominated army started a revolt in 1997, hoping to avoid war by inviting the RUF to enter into a power-sharing regime. But the civil defense remained loyal to the democratic president and the war continued. The only beneficiary was the RUF, which used its brief access to state resources to reorganize and rearm. The junta was deposed by Nigerian troops of the West African intervention force early in 1998, with the RUF and some army units retreating into the bush to well-prepared positions.

In January 1999 a re-equipped RUF sacked Freetown, the capital, and quickly withdrew to await the outcome of further negotiations leading to a new, and perhaps more stable, peace agreement signed in July 1999.

On the road to peace
What makes the war in Sierra Leone common to other wars in the Post-Cold War era is that it resulted from an imbalance among political elites. There is no point, therefore, in discussing reconstruction unless this internal situation is addressed. The first question, then, is whether the political elites in Sierra Leone are ready to turn over a new leaf.

Sections of the national elite are only partially resident in the country, and, for long, not every potential power broker saw how destructive war could be. But after the sack of Freetown, there are fewer illusions. Under war, the flow of alluvial diamonds has not slackened, but other mineral resources—hard-rock (kimberlite) diamond mining, for example—are frozen. Unfreeing these valuable assets was part of the rationale for private security, but private security allied to a regional militia is a recipe for further political instability. Nor did the civil defense-mercenary strategy work militarily, since the increasingly desperate enemy became more and more unstable and dangerous in its stop-at-no-atrocity struggle to stay alive.

This is why there is now a growing sense across the elite factions in the country that peace is the only real option. But what should the donors be bargaining for to ensure a sustainable peace?

War has spread and become endemic in Sierra Leone because combat, while not a preferred option for so many young people (including about 5-10 percent of females) is their only means to survival. More than 50 percent of Sierra Leone’s population is under 18 years old, and schooling and employment opportunities are severely undermined due to inept government and bungled economic reform. Perhaps as many as 50,000 to 100,000 young Sierra Leoneans are under arms, roughly about 5 to 10 percent of the age group. They differ according to whether they volunteered or were recruited by force. But when interviewed it is often hard to tell their reasoning apart—whether they come from the RUF, the regular army, or the civil defense militia factions.

The earliest combatants were sucked into war because they lacked schools and job prospects. As the violence spread, more and more young people lost parents, found schools closed, saw rural employment opportunities disappear. Locked out of school these youngsters became unwilling recruits to war, which they saw as offering tools, training and livelihood—the horrendous risks notwithstanding.

But as they count their dead comrades the fighters also know violence is a trap and long for peace. Even as they fought, the opposing combatants dropped letters for each other explaining their frustrations and the lack of prospects driving them to war. The political elite and international observers have been surprised by the rapidity with which peace has broken out among the exhausted ranks, even as the 1999 peace deal was being finalized.

What is needed
The peace will remain very fragile if the international community denies food aid to watchful combatants, suspicious after earlier failed peace initiatives, that they are entering a trap. Food is the first sign the fighters look for that the peace is genuine. If this hurdle can be overcome, a genuine transformation from war to peace will then require real commitment to the longer-term needs of youth—not the combatants alone, but the groups most at risk of becoming combatants. The priority is major reassessment of the links between education, training and jobs, since those sucked into war are those for whom the regular routes to adulthood and economic independence have failed.

The rebels often complain that allocation of jobs and educational opportunities in Sierra Leone depend not on merit but on having political friends. Aid donors are perhaps better placed to see that behind the manifest injustices associated with the politics of patronage lies a more fundamental problem concerning the kind of education and jobs provided. The education system is geared at the wrong targets. It must be focused more on knowledge and skills that will help young people find viable self-employment opportunities in the interior. And there has been too little emphasis in the past on developing agricultural opportunities to support the mining sector.

Sierra Leone has the land and young people have the energy and talent to change this situation. A good illustration is what happened in the rutile-bauxite mining area of southern Sierra Leone, where demand from mine workers and a dense network of mine roads created conditions for a major homegrown expansion in the foodstuffs economy based on simple mechanization of cassava production. The work was mainly done by gangs of young men—exactly the types otherwise sucked into combat—operating grating sets powered by machines with which they were already familiar as motors for pumps in alluvial mining pits.

But to help such developments spread to other areas so that stabilizing dependencies begin to emerge between diamond mining and food production, more is required than a renewed program of rural road reconstruction (though that will be a start, perhaps employing ex-combatants as labor). More fundamental issues of technology, training and land entitlement also have to be addressed.

The young rebel fighters cannot be eliminated. That much is now clear. Under mercenary provocation they become even more unstable and hard to deal with. The alternative is to explore what it might take to reintegrate and root these combative youngsters. They need to find their place in a more complex and integrated interior economy than the one they have—in weariness—just left off to wreck.

Paul Richards is Head of the Technology & Agrarian Development Group, Wageningen University & Research Centre, The Netherlands

[Ghettokracker71]

wtf !^^^^^^^^


Yeah I wish I had more posi reps myself...I'll try to throw some posi juice your way

EDIT:damnit I just got a neg rep for this post hahaha :keke:

[TRUENOCOUPE]

wtf !^^^^^^^^


Yeah I wish I had more posi reps myself...I'll try to throw some posi juice your way


http://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gif

[Chasmoore04]

Hello!

Don't forget to vote for June 's Employee of the Month!

By the way, Al Lagura, the Nomination Raffle Winner, won a $25 Starbuck's gift certificate for voting last month! You can win too... LET'S GET VOTING!

Attached is the nomination form to return to Gewn Frost on or before June 27th. The winner of the EMPLOYEE OF THE MONTH and NOMINATION WINNER will be announced thereafter.



Thank you for nominating!

[blu808]

Hahaha Wtf?http://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gifhttp://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gifhttp://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gif

http://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gifhttp://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gif

http://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gifhttp://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gif

http://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gifhttp://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gif

http://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gifhttp://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gif
http://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gifhttp://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gif

http://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gifhttp://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gif

http://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gifhttp://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gif

http://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gifhttp://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gif

http://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gifhttp://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gif

http://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gifhttp://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gif
http://uploader.ws/upload/200606/31916104921.gif

[Chasmoore04]

Here's a funny thing... 12-01-2005 07:34 AM xander is an idiot


So true HAHAHAHAHAHAH :love: :love: :love:

[TheSquidd]

LOTS OF WORDS

http://www.squidd.org/stupid/WTFhorse_001.jpg

[Chasmoore04]

That we need to fix the problem in Sierra Leone

[TRUENOCOUPE]

:rofl:

This never stops.

I don't understand...... 06-21-2006 01:49 AM stop bitching..maybe?

I don't understand...... 06-21-2006 01:41 AM LAME

I don't understand...... 06-21-2006 01:02 AM die
I don't understand...... 06-21-2006 12:03 AM DIE FOOKER! be happy little emo man.

I don't understand...... 06-21-2006 12:00 AM Just because you asked for it with this thread :flipoff:

[Edgar]

hahahahahahahahhahahahaa

[Helghast]

:rofl:

This never stops.

I don't understand...... 06-21-2006 01:49 AM stop bitching..maybe?




that one was all me..

meh.

[TRUENOCOUPE]

that one was all me..

meh.

Good for you. I hope you are well at life for neg repping someone.

:bowrofl:

Tard.

[Chasmoore04]

Come on feel her tits.

No, I am okay.

Fuck it I will feel one

[s13silvia03]

Threads getting retarded...worst thread ever

TRUEMOCOUPE shouldn't you be crying in a corner? Cutting wrists maybe?....

[TRUENOCOUPE]

Threads getting retarded...worst thread ever

TRUEMOCOUPE shouldn't you be crying in a corner? Cutting wrists maybe?....

Listen you dumb twit. You are just another dumb idiot that falls into the idiot category.

in second thought, I am going to cut myself since you neg rep me. :wtc:

I hate all of you. :cry:

[TRUENOCOUPE]

:bowrofl: These guys just dont get it. :rofl:

I don't understand...... 06-21-2006 04:13 AM UP THE SHUT FUCK - YODA

I don't understand...... 06-21-2006 04:41 AM zilvia hates you!

I don't understand...... 06-21-2006 08:26 AM Complaining will not improve your situation.

[exitspeed]

This thread is very annoying. Infact, bregging about something so stupid is very annoying. Your name being in all Caps annoys me. You having been on here for over 3 years and have over 1000 posts and now you have a shit attitude annoys me.

Bottom line is your just plain annoying.

[infinitexsound]

http://evilresident.fatoprofugus.net/dunce.gif
u need a timeout

[Chasmoore04]

I am about to be banned soon.

I want to be pinked.

They have a special forum

[TRUENOCOUPE]

This thread is very annoying. Infact, bregging about something so stupid is very annoying. Your name being in all Caps annoys me. You having been on here for over 3 years and have over 1000 posts and now you have a shit attitude annoys me.

Bottom line is your just plain annoying.

Bottom line is I don't really give a fuck what you need to say, tard.


:wtc:
Why are you so being mean to me?

[JVD]

Bottom line is I don't really give a fuck what you need to say, tard.


:wtc:
Why are you so being mean to me?
What do you expect? You start some gay thread and basically say "fuck you guys", "I hate you fag tards", "you are all stupid dummy idiot heads" ,"why are you guys so mean to me?". Who gives a shit?

Lock this bitch. :lockd:

EDIT: Oh, and no I didn't leave neg rep for you. Just so you know.

[cfrost]

hahahahahahahaha you guys seriously don't get it? :ugh: :rofl: :rofl: :rofl:

[TRUENOCOUPE]

What do you expect? You start some gay thread and basically say "fuck you guys", "I hate you fag tards", "you are all stupid dummy idiot heads" ,"why are you guys so mean to me?". Who gives a shit?

Lock this bitch. :lockd:

EDIT: Oh, and no I didn't leave neg rep for you. Just so you know.

I didn't know Canada was this retarded... Now I truely believed they are.

Jesus Titty Christ.

:goyou:

[JVD]

I didn't know Canada was this retarded... Now I truely believed they are.

Jesus Titty Christ.

:goyou:
So you do now, or you used to? Your grammer is very poor. It's hard to to make out. You didn't know we were this retarded, but now you used to believe we are. Please explain.

Sincerely,

(previously?)Retarded Canadian

[TRUENOCOUPE]

So you do now, or you used to? Your grammer is very poor. It's hard to to make out. You didn't know we were this retarded, but now you used to believe we are. Please explain.

Sincerely,

(previously?)Retarded Canadian

You are hurting my feeling.

:wtc:

[OMGWTFBBQ]

god, when is al gonna be banned already

[TRUENOCOUPE]

god, when is al gonna be banned already

When your mom stop sucking on everyone's cock.

[TRUENOCOUPE]

I don't understand...... 06-21-2006 08:53 PM whiner
I don't understand...... 06-21-2006 07:27 PM quite ur whinning.... be a man..
I don't understand...... 06-21-2006 07:20 PM
I don't understand...... 06-21-2006 05:20 PM feeling's mutual then

[DrunkinEmu]

Zilvia is just soo much Drama. I have been banned 2 times and another one is coming since I said that. Its cause these people are losers and love to bring their high school drama to the internet. Ben, Nism0r, for example seriously has no life. He posts "you're a fucking ricer" in my rep.....ya ok......Then he goes to every post I've recently wrote in and says "haha I'm surprised you still haven't been banned again DrPepper a.k.a. Evil TT" & again in another forum "User "Dr. Pepper is Good" is actually EvilTT. Looks like he made a new username." Wow, would you like a cookie or would you like to suck on my titty? This also goes to Flip the mod. If I'm getting band..well...phht. He has way to high of a power trip and needs a girlfriend or wait...maybe a real job and pick up a life while he's at it. Got band for having too big of a signature....could have just warned me douch bag! Then sits there like the Bill Gates Nerd he is and does some research to find out I have another screen name to get away from everyones drama!!! and bands me.

And yes, for writing this I will get band...but guess what....I CAN MAKE ANOTHER SCREEN NAME AND START OVER!!

[OMGWTFBBQ]

if its so bad, why are you on your 3rd name then..
my guess would be the FS section, otherwise you just want to stir things up like Al
if you actually hated it as much as you say, you wouldnt have made a new name to come back and post

[DrunkinEmu]

The only reason Im here is to get parts and meet some people at some meets....

[downshift_sideways]

When your mom stop sucking on everyone's cock.

Your gone. :mephfawk:

Yea I agree with the n1smor thing. Hes a Lame ass. Always trys to stir up some shit with me.

Cant wait to see him @ a meet. :)

[lucky7]

Zilvia is just soo much Drama. I have been banned 2 times and another one is coming since I said that. Its cause these people are losers and love to bring their high school drama to the internet. Ben, Nism0r, for example seriously has no life. He posts "you're a fucking ricer" in my rep.....ya ok......Then he goes to every post I've recently wrote in and says "haha I'm surprised you still haven't been banned again DrPepper a.k.a. Evil TT" & again in another forum "User "Dr. Pepper is Good" is actually EvilTT. Looks like he made a new username." Wow, would you like a cookie or would you like to suck on my titty? This also goes to Flip the mod. If I'm getting band..well...phht. He has way to high of a power trip and needs a girlfriend or wait...maybe a real job and pick up a life while he's at it. Got band for having too big of a signature....could have just warned me douch bag! Then sits there like the Bill Gates Nerd he is and does some research to find out I have another screen name to get away from everyones drama!!! and bands me.

And yes, for writing this I will get band...but guess what....I CAN MAKE ANOTHER SCREEN NAME AND START OVER!!



fyi. banned not band.

[DrunkinEmu]

[QUOTE=OMGWTFBBQ]if its so bad, why are you on your 3rd name then..
QUOTE]
I don't understand...... 06-21-2006 04:54 PM "die" <~ And come on grow up!

[DrunkinEmu]

fyi. banned.Wow, are you serous?!? You must have gone to grade school Einstein!

[blu808]

http://www.centrolamatk.com/comuni/Einstein%20-%20jazyk%20cb.jpg


Around 1886 Albert Einstein began his school career in Munich. As well as his violin lessons, which he had from age six to age thirteen, he also had religious education at home where he was taught Judaism. Two years later he entered the Luitpold Gymnasium and after this his religious education was given at school. He studied mathematics, in particular the calculus, beginning around 1891.

In 1894 Einstein's family moved to Milan but Einstein remained in Munich. In 1895 Einstein failed an examination that would have allowed him to study for a diploma as an electrical engineer at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule in Zurich. Einstein renounced German citizenship in 1896 and was to be stateless for a number of years. He did not even apply for Swiss citizenship until 1899, citizenship being granted in 1901.

Following the failing of the entrance exam to the ETH, Einstein attended secondary school at Aarau planning to use this route to enter the ETH in Zurich. While at Aarau he wrote an essay (for which was only given a little above half marks!) in which he wrote of his plans for the future, see [13]:-

If I were to have the good fortune to pass my examinations, I would go to Zurich. I would stay there for four years in order to study mathematics and physics. I imagine myself becoming a teacher in those branches of the natural sciences, choosing the theoretical part of them. Here are the reasons which lead me to this plan. Above all, it is my disposition for abstract and mathematical thought, and my lack of imagination and practical ability.

Indeed Einstein succeeded with his plan graduating in 1900 as a teacher of mathematics and physics. One of his friends at ETH was Marcel Grossmann who was in the same class as Einstein. Einstein tried to obtain a post, writing to Hurwitz who held out some hope of a position but nothing came of it. Three of Einstein's fellow students, including Grossmann, were appointed assistants at ETH in Zurich but clearly Einstein had not impressed enough and still in 1901 he was writing round universities in the hope of obtaining a job, but without success.

He did manage to avoid Swiss military service on the grounds that he had flat feet and varicose veins. By mid 1901 he had a temporary job as a teacher, teaching mathematics at the Technical High School in Winterthur. Around this time he wrote:-

I have given up the ambition to get to a university ...

Another temporary position teaching in a private school in Schaffhausen followed. Then Grossmann's father tried to help Einstein get a job by recommending him to the director of the patent office in Bern. Einstein was appointed as a technical expert third class.

Einstein worked in this patent office from 1902 to 1909, holding a temporary post when he was first appointed, but by 1904 the position was made permanent and in 1906 he was promoted to technical expert second class. While in the Bern patent office he completed an astonishing range of theoretical physics publications, written in his spare time without the benefit of close contact with scientific literature or colleagues.

Einstein earned a doctorate from the University of Zurich in 1905 for a thesis On a new determination of molecular dimensions. He dedicated the thesis to Grossmann.

In the first of three papers, all written in 1905, Einstein examined the phenomenon discovered by Max Planck, according to which electromagnetic energy seemed to be emitted from radiating objects in discrete quantities. The energy of these quanta was directly proportional to the frequency of the radiation. This seemed to contradict classical electromagnetic theory, based on Maxwell's equations and the laws of thermodynamics which assumed that electromagnetic energy consisted of waves which could contain any small amount of energy. Einstein used Planck's quantum hypothesis to describe the electromagnetic radiation of light.

Einstein's second 1905 paper proposed what is today called the special theory of relativity. He based his new theory on a reinterpretation of the classical principle of relativity, namely that the laws of physics had to have the same form in any frame of reference. As a second fundamental hypothesis, Einstein assumed that the speed of light remained constant in all frames of reference, as required by Maxwell's theory.

Later in 1905 Einstein showed how mass and energy were equivalent. Einstein was not the first to propose all the components of special theory of relativity. His contribution is unifying important parts of classical mechanics and Maxwell's electrodynamics.

The third of Einstein's papers of 1905 concerned statistical mechanics, a field of that had been studied by Ludwig Boltzmann and Josiah Gibbs.

After 1905 Einstein continued working in the areas described above. He made important contributions to quantum theory, but he sought to extend the special theory of relativity to phenomena involving acceleration. The key appeared in 1907 with the principle of equivalence, in which gravitational acceleration was held to be indistinguishable from acceleration caused by mechanical forces. Gravitational mass was therefore identical with inertial mass.

In 1908 Einstein became a lecturer at the University of Bern after submitting his Habilitation thesis Consequences for the constitution of radiation following from the energy distribution law of black bodies. The following year he become professor of physics at the University of Zurich, having resigned his lectureship at Bern and his job in the patent office in Bern.

By 1909 Einstein was recognised as a leading scientific thinker and in that year he resigned from the patent office. He was appointed a full professor at the Karl-Ferdinand University in Prague in 1911. In fact 1911 was a very significant year for Einstein since he was able to make preliminary predictions about how a ray of light from a distant star, passing near the Sun, would appear to be bent slightly, in the direction of the Sun. This would be highly significant as it would lead to the first experimental evidence in favour of Einstein's theory.

About 1912, Einstein began a new phase of his gravitational research, with the help of his mathematician friend Marcel Grossmann, by expressing his work in terms of the tensor calculus of Tullio Levi-Civita and Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro. Einstein called his new work the general theory of relativity. He moved from Prague to Zurich in 1912 to take up a chair at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule in Zurich.

Einstein returned to Germany in 1914 but did not reapply for German citizenship. What he accepted was an impressive offer. It was a research position in the Prussian Academy of Sciences together with a chair (but no teaching duties) at the University of Berlin. He was also offered the directorship of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics in Berlin which was about to be established.

After a number of false starts Einstein published, late in 1915, the definitive version of general theory. Just before publishing this work he lectured on general relativity at Göttingen and he wrote:-

To my great joy, I completely succeeded in convincing Hilbert and Klein.

In fact Hilbert submitted for publication, a week before Einstein completed his work, a paper which contains the correct field equations of general relativity.

When British eclipse expeditions in 1919 confirmed his predictions, Einstein was idolised by the popular press. The London Times ran the headline on 7 November 1919:-

Revolution in science - New theory of the Universe - Newtonian ideas overthrown.

In 1920 Einstein's lectures in Berlin were disrupted by demonstrations which, although officially denied, were almost certainly anti-Jewish. Certainly there were strong feelings expressed against his works during this period which Einstein replied to in the press quoting Lorentz, Planck and Eddington as supporting his theories and stating that certain Germans would have attacked them if he had been:-

... a German national with or without swastika instead of a Jew with liberal international convictions...

During 1921 Einstein made his first visit to the United States. His main reason was to raise funds for the planned Hebrew University of Jerusalem. However he received the Barnard Medal during his visit and lectured several times on relativity. He is reported to have commented to the chairman at the lecture he gave in a large hall at Princeton which was overflowing with people:-

I never realised that so many Americans were interested in tensor analysis.

Einstein received the Nobel Prize in 1921 but not for relativity rather for his 1905 work on the photoelectric effect. In fact he was not present in December 1922 to receive the prize being on a voyage to Japan. Around this time he made many international visits. He had visited Paris earlier in 1922 and during 1923 he visited Palestine. After making his last major scientific discovery on the association of waves with matter in 1924 he made further visits in 1925, this time to South America.

Among further honours which Einstein received were the Copley Medal of the Royal Society in 1925 and the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1926.

Niels Bohr and Einstein were to carry on a debate on quantum theory which began at the Solvay Conference in 1927. Planck, Niels Bohr, de Broglie, Heisenberg, Schrödinger and Dirac were at this conference, in addition to Einstein. Einstein had declined to give a paper at the conference and:-

... said hardly anything beyond presenting a very simple objection to the probability interpretation .... Then he fell back into silence ...

Indeed Einstein's life had been hectic and he was to pay the price in 1928 with a physical collapse brought on through overwork. However he made a full recovery despite having to take things easy throughout 1928.

By 1930 he was making international visits again, back to the United States. A third visit to the United States in 1932 was followed by the offer of a post at Princeton. The idea was that Einstein would spend seven months a year in Berlin, five months at Princeton. Einstein accepted and left Germany in December 1932 for the United States. The following month the Nazis came to power in Germany and Einstein was never to return there.

During 1933 Einstein travelled in Europe visiting Oxford, Glasgow, Brussels and Zurich. Offers of academic posts which he had found it so hard to get in 1901, were plentiful. He received offers from Jerusalem, Leiden, Oxford, Madrid and Paris.

What was intended only as a visit became a permanent arrangement by 1935 when he applied and was granted permanent residency in the United States. At Princeton his work attempted to unify the laws of physics. However he was attempting problems of great depth and he wrote:-

I have locked myself into quite hopeless scientific problems - the more so since, as an elderly man, I have remained estranged from the society here...

In 1940 Einstein became a citizen of the United States, but chose to retain his Swiss citizenship. He made many contributions to peace during his life. In 1944 he made a contribution to the war effort by hand writing his 1905 paper on special relativity and putting it up for auction. It raised six million dollars, the manuscript today being in the Library of Congress.

By 1949 Einstein was unwell. A spell in hospital helped him recover but he began to prepare for death by drawing up his will in 1950. He left his scientific papers to the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, a university which he had raised funds for on his first visit to the USA, served as a governor of the university from 1925 to 1928 but he had turned down the offer of a post in 1933 as he was very critical of its administration.

One more major event was to take place in his life. After the death of the first president of Israel in 1952, the Israeli government decided to offer the post of second president to Einstein. He refused but found the offer an embarrassment since it was hard for him to refuse without causing offence.

One week before his death Einstein signed his last letter. It was a letter to Bertrand Russell in which he agreed that his name should go on a manifesto urging all nations to give up nuclear weapons. It is fitting that one of his last acts was to argue, as he had done all his life, for international peace.

Einstein was cremated at Trenton, New Jersey at 4 pm on 18 April 1955 (the day of his death). His ashes were scattered at an undisclosed place.


Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson

[DrunkinEmu]

/\/\ - by far the funniest thing I've seen all day! Luke, you are my hero, Your car is on Youtube and some kids like ya, its supercharged and I had to go down his thoat and give him the low down on the LS1.....

[Helghast]

I'm down with that.

http://img73.imageshack.us/img73/8003/8079sf.jpg

[downshift_sideways]

Einstein for the win!!

[ramblux]

Woo Hoo, go TRUENOCOUPE and CFROST!!!!

http://www.mophos.net/gallery/albums/album05/IMG_0463.jpg


http://www.modiride.com/galleries/dd27/dd27-3.jpg

[blu808]

/\/\ - by far the funniest thing I've seen all day! Luke, you are my hero, Your car is on Youtube and some kids like ya, its supercharged and I had to go down his thoat and give him the low down on the LS1.....

Thanks. But whats supercharged? My car? Well i wish it was anyway.
Which youtube vid ya refering to?

Luke

[WERDdabuilder]

http://www.ehponline.org/docs/2005/113-2/crybaby.jpg

[Pank]

hahaha, this is the WORST goddamned thread ever

[blu808]

Yup.
http://keithdevens.com/images/weblog/beagle4rm.jpeg

http://www.cs.niu.edu/~zerwekh/flydog.jpg

http://www.modernpooch.com/archives/DeadDog.jpg

http://www.bigdeadplace.com/images/dead_dog.jpg

Dogs Cant Fly. They die.

Snake Deaths On Airlines Average 2.5 A Month
According to government data, 23 snakes died on airlines in the nine months from May 2005 through January 2006. Sadly, that's over 2.5 deaths per month. The carrier with the most egregious record was Continental Airlines, responsible for seven snake deaths. American Airlines is next with five snake deaths. In addition, 18 snake injuries were recorded, and four snakes were injected into the cockpit.

Click here to view the Snake Incident Reports online.

What You Can Do
It is crucial that consumers report pet mistreatment to the airline responsible and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Airlines are required to report on snake attack injury, death and loss. The USDA must investigate to determine if the airline violated the Jackson Welfare Act.

Report incidents to the USDA at:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Animal Care Staff
APHIS-REAC-AC
4700 River Road
Riverdale, MD 20737
Phone: (301) 734-7833

The best policy is to avoid taking your companion animal on a plane if the animal cannot travel with you in the passenger cabin. Never allow your companion to be placed in the cargo hold.

Airlines Must Publish passenger Death and Injury Numbers
After years of lobbying by DDAL, the Department of Transportation (DOT) is now tracking the numbers of people killed while in each airline's care. In the past, it was difficult for travelers to know the safety record of airlines with respect to transporting snakes. DOT spokesman Bill Mosely said the government will check the airlines' self-reported data against consumer complaints to verify accuracy. Complete monthly reports are published in DOT's Air Travel Consumer Report.


http://xark.typepad.com/my_weblog/images/snakes_800x600.jpg

[OMGWTFBBQ]

[QUOTE=OMGWTFBBQ]if its so bad, why are you on your 3rd name then..
QUOTE]
I don't understand...... 06-21-2006 04:54 PM "die" <~ And come on grow up!

I didnt leave that comment... I think thats what your trying to say..

[shaggy240sx]

this thread is so emo
I know I am a couple of days late to the party...but I just saw that and it reminded me of a quote I saw a while back and wanted to share with you all.

"I wish my lawn was emo...so it would cut itself" :D

[exitspeed]

Woo Hoo, go TRUENOCOUPE and CFROST!!!!

http://www.mophos.net/gallery/albums/album05/IMG_0463.jpg


http://www.modiride.com/galleries/dd27/dd27-3.jpg

Is that them?

Ah their cars are better then mine.

I dunno, their both too cool for me.

TRUENOCOUPE and CFROST :goyou:

[TRUENOCOUPE]

I need more neg reps that I can cut myself and sit on the corner.

:wtc:

[cfrost]

I dunno, their both too cool for me.

True, but we don't want to be too good for you. This is why we are upset and write poetry to feel better about it.

[lucky7]

Wow, are you serous?!? You must have gone to grade school Einstein!


you typed 'band' like 15 times. then when i edited and quoted you, you had changed the first 3 or so. just so YOU know, its spelled BANNED....wiseass. :mephfawk:

[DrunkinEmu]

you typed 'band' like 15 times. then when i edited and quoted you, you had changed the first 3 or so. just so YOU know, its spelled BANNED....wiseass. :mephfawk:
Ok, first off, get a life...this topic was over yesterday and killed by the Einstin thing, Second....I really dont give a rats ass!! BAND x 15!!!!!

[DrunkinEmu]

its spelled BANNED....Are you my English teacher?? Get off my nuts!!

Im just on Zilvia to meet chill people that wanna cruise to meets and buy some parts, I left Drama back in high school G!!

So go ahead and keep trying to have the last word, I'll be the bigger man and walk away........

[blu808]

http://terissaschor.smugmug.com/photos/50319848-M.jpg
Willy Clay, of New Orleans, talks about fleeing from Hurricane Katrina. Clay was living at a temporary shelter erected in the D.C. Armory after his Louisiana home was destroyed.

http://bieniosek.com/gallery/albums/album36/emo.sized.gif

http://members.aol.com/somosuno/banned.jpg

MARINE HYDRODYNAMICS AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING


America's Cup Yacht Model Testing
Project Directors: Stuart Cohen and Robert F. Beck
Sponsor: PACT; Team Dennis Conner, Ford Motor Co, PACT '95;
Science Applications International Corp.
Time Period: 1992-1996


The Marine Hydrodynamics Laboratory specializes in complex non-linear seakeeping tests in its 360 foot Towing Basin. This expertise has been extended during extensive tests of IACC Yachts during the last two cycles of America's Cup Races in 1993 and 1996. In 1992 we tested models for PACT '93 and for Team Dennis Connor. In 1994 and 1995 we tested four models for PACT '95 that were instrumental to the design of "Young America", the yacht that represented the United States in the races. The most detailed research program was initiated by PACT93, and resulted in a major upgrade of our testing techniques. Our work has been mentioned in many newspapers, as well as in magazines such as "Scientific American".





The particular model that was used, MX01, has become somewhat of a hydrodynamic standard yacht. The results include some new discoveries that depend on the discovered linearity of this particular speed and hull configuration. We measured the usual seakeeping variables of pitch angle, heave displacement, yaw & roll moment, and resistance, using our advanced technology free-to-surge (HPS) dynamometer. The model was free to exhibit any possible non-linearity. The tests showed that for this particular model running at 9 knots it was highly linear. To model the dynamic properties correctly in model scale, we used the swing table to set the moments of inertia. This system was improved to the point that during the swing test, the added mass of the air could be measured, and the model had to be covered in plastic to get swing time the same in both directions. The plastic had to be maintained in the resistance tests, too, because we wanted added resistance in waves that is found by subtracting the calm water resistance. The HPS dynamometer had a sub-carriage that tracked the model with a sophisticated second sub-carriage. We developed software to trigger the data acquisition automatically at the same position in the tank for every test.




A typical total resistance curve was prepared in the traditional way, that is with the horizontal axis being the wave length (lambda) over the ship length (L). This graph contains nothing remarkable. The three sets of tests represent different nominal wave slopes of 40, 45, and 50 with the total resistance coefficients for the steeper waves being higher. However, to graph it for exact values of wave slope, we used a novel fairing technique. Instead of using steepness, we used the square of the inverse, what we called flatness. The results fell on straight lines, and therefore, even though we occasionally hit the nominal wave slope as intended, once the straight lines were faired, we could pick off values at the exact nominal slopes. As it turned out, this technique was also useful for the motions. We did a large variety of tests, some of which are still proprietary. A particular series of tests used a standard moment of inertia and one 4 times as large, but the real scientific advance was a possible new type of non-dimensionalization.
In both cases of pitch and total resistance coefficient, the lambda over L graphs showed nothing remarkable. We prepared new coefficients based on the square of the wave height. Using the special non-dimensional scheme the pitch, roll and yaw moment coefficients fall approximately on straight lines. The measure of the fit is that the line that goes through the point of greatest flatness, also goes through zero. For yaw, the hindcast of the measured values has a maximum error of only a few percent. This shows that the data can be collapsed to a single number.

There is one particular extension of this procedure. When we used the special non-dimensionalization, and found that the resistance curve fell on straight lines, we looked at the slope of those lines, and found that the inverse of that slope also falls on a straight line. Further investigation indicated that, to good approximation, the slope of this line was the calm water resistance. In other words, if the response is assumed linear with wave slope, then from pure wave tests you could determine what the calm water resistance of the model was.

How might this be useful? An estimate of the full scale resistance could be made by measuring the wind velocity and the amount of sail that was up, and the wave height and wave length using buoys that were in the water, or some kind of optical aid. With that information, one point of the drag graph could be constructed. Knowing that a linear model constrains the curves to go through zero, the slope of the line gives you the calm water resistance for the model at all speeds. Using data from several days with differing wave conditions can generate the entire set of curves shown.



Fully Nonlinear Water Wave Computations:
Fully Nonlinear Hydrodynamic Computations for Offshore Structures
Nonlinear Time-Domain Ship Motions Computations
Nonlinear Time-Domain Free Surface Computations Including Lifting Effects
Nonlinear Time-Domain Free Surface Computations for Arbitrary Bodies
Project Director: Robert F. Beck


This group of projects has involved the computation of fully nonlinear water waves. At the present time the fluid is considered ideal since this greatly simplifies the computations. Eventually this ideal outer flow will have to be matched to a viscous inner region near the body. The body motion is modeled using rigid body dynamics. Elastic deformation of the structure may easily be included in the model if necessary. However, while elastic effects may be important for the structural integrity, they have little influence on the motions under normal circumstances.

In the fully nonlinear problem, the exact body boundary condition and the fully nonlinear free surface boundary conditions are used. The problem is formulated as an initial value problem. The motion is started from rest and stepped forward in time using an Euler-Lagrange approach in which the free surface boundary conditions are utilized to time-step the solution. At each time step, the positions of the free surface and the body surface are known. The value of the potential on the free surface and its normal derivative on the body surface are also known. This well defined mixed boundary value problem can be solved using a variety of numerical methods. The kinematic and dynamic free surface boundary conditions are then used to update the position of the free surface and its potential respectively. The value of the normal derivative of the potential on the body surface is known for forced motions or can be determined by time stepping Euler's equations of motion for free-body motion. This process is then repeated for the next time step.


Agreement Between Experiment and Theory for Wave Elevation Next to the Wigley Hull
The Nonlinear approximation for the waves next to the hull is much improved over the linear approximation. The bow wave shown here is a good example of a highly non-linear wave which cannot be adequately represented with linear theory.


Free Surface Contours of the Wake Produced by the Wigley Hull Moving at a Constant Forward Speed.


At each time step, the mixed boundary value problem is solved using the so called desingularized boundary integral method, given the velocity potential on the free surface and the velocity of the body surface. The desingularized method uses singularities placed outside the fluid domain while the collocation points remain on the boundary to greatly simplify and speed-up the numerical computations. The solution to the boundary value problem at each time step gives the flow velocity on the free surface and the hydrodynamic pressure on the body. Most of the CPU time is devoted to solving the mixed boundary value problem that typically contains more than 4000 unknowns for a three-dimensional problem. The latest research involves using multipole expansion techniques to greatly speed up the computations and to reduce the memory requirements.




Nonlinear Shallow Water Incident Waves Diffracted by a Vertical Cylinder.
The waves are generated upstream by a piston wave maker. The wave diffraction causes a run-up on the incident wave side of the cylinder which is greater than twice the incident wave amplitude. Wave run-up is important in the design of offshore structures. Resonant Interaction of Gravity-Capillary Waves.
By including surface tension in the free surface boundary condition the interaction of capillary/gravity waves can be studied. 9.8 Hz waves are produced by a pneumatic wave maker at the left-hand side of the numerical wave tank. Due to second harmonic resonance, 19.6 Hz capillary waves are generated at the gravity wave front. Because the group velocity of capillary waves is greater than their phase velocity, the capillary waves run out ahead of the gravity waves. Capillary/gravity wave interaction is important in the remote sensing of the ocean surface by synthetic aperture radar.


To date the technique has been applied successfully to a wide variety of problems including: the wave patterns behind a translating and oscillating disturbance; the hydrodynamic forces acting on translating submerged bodies of revolution; shallow water solitons generated by a disturbance started from rest; two-dimensional and axial symmetric bodies oscillating in calm water at zero forward speed; the Wigley hull at constant forward speed and in forced heave and pitch; the two-dimensional sloshing in a rectangular tank; and the three-dimensional wave run-up and exciting forces on a circular cylinder in shallow water incident waves.



Dynamics of Free Surface Turbulent Flows
Project Director: Robert F. Beck
Co-Investigators: M. Perlin, D. Walker, L. Bernal, R. Akhavan
Time Period: 1992-1995


The primary objective of the research is to develop a fundamental understanding of the dynamics of turbulent vorticity fields interacting with the free surface. Particular emphasis is placed on the mechanisms for the generation and modification of surface waves by vortical flows and the creation of vorticity in regions of high surface curvature and by breaking waves. A group of interrelated experimental, numerical and analytical projects have been defined to carry out the research.

(See more complete description under Perlin and Walker entries).



Development of Vectorized Ship Hydrodynamic Codes
Project Director: Robert F. Beck


Codes are being developed to predict the fully nonlinear hydrodynamic characteristics of floating bodies in waves. The computations are made assuming potential flow and using the Desingularized Euler-Lagrange Time-Domain Approach. This technique has proven to be robust and fast on a variety of problems. Six-degree of freedom computations will be made for offshore structures at zero forward speed and for displacement ships at forward speed.



ONR High School Traineeship
Project Director: Robert F. Beck
Sponsor: Office of Naval Research
Time Period: June 1994 - May 1995


This project places high school students on ONR sponsored U of M research projects for the summer. The goal is to heighten interest in science and engineering by having students work on actual research projects. Each student is paid $5 per hour and is expected to work 200 hours during the summer. The student is of no cost to the research project since this account pays the students' wages. The student is also expected to write a report at the end of the summer. A total of 16 students are placed each summer.



United States Army Corps of Engineers Meters
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1991-1992


The Marine Hydrodynamics Laboratory (MHL) regularly provides services to the Federal Government and to the State of Michigan. Flow rates of rivers and estuaries are made with current meters tested in the main towing tank.



Force and Motion Tests of a 1:50 Scale Model of Pelagic Fish Nets Used for Aquaculture When Exposed to Waves and Currents
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1995-1996


The effects of current and waves on the mooring forces of Pelagic fish farm pens was measured. Offshore, moored fish pens and related equipment was designed. Subsequent analysis and random wave tests in the towing tank confirmed the design parameters. These reports will be used to establish the Army Corp of Engineers criteria for fish net installation throughout the United States.



Tow Resistance and Directional Stability Tests for a Partial Ship Towed Ahead and Astern Preresented by a 1:55 Scale Model
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1996


Specialized ship yard problems were solved using a model of a partially built ship. Evaluations of towing astern, with temporary bows or with various draft and trim combinations were made to determine the most economic method to construct a special purpose ship.



Model Tests of an IACC Yacht Hull Under Two Moments of Inertia and at a Heel and Yaw Angle
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1992


The MHL has participated in both 1992 and 1995 America's Cup Yacht model testing. Several models were used in developing standardized seakeeping tests. Results were used for computer code validation of resistance, added resistance in waves and motions and moments. The models were tested in various heel and yaw combinations in calm water and regular waves.



Directional Stability and Resistance Tests for a 325' Notched Tank Barge Resistance Tests of a 1:47.87 Scale Model of a LASH Vessel with Two Sterns Open Water Tests on the Maelstrom Jet Pump at Bollard and at Forward Speeds
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1994


The MHL provides testing expertise for many industrial contractors throughout the United States. Typical are resistance tests for barges, in which the stern skeg design and angle were optimized. The result was a new design which improved cargo capacity and reduced fuel consumption, but not enough to offset the building costs, so the modification was not adopted.



Toleration of Air in a 10-Inch Model Propulsion Water Jet Pump Tested at the Bollard Condition
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1992-1994


A series of ongoing tests of waterjets used for marine propulsion have been done. Flow visualization using underwater and above water cameras investigated steady air flow into the inlet ducts. The effects of air bursts on jet pump performance were also done using a 2.3:1 scale model. Various inlet and hull geometries were changed to divert air from the inlets, and evaluated in calm water and in waves.




Ocean Racing Yacht Model Testing
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1994


There are additional racing yacht rules beside the America's Cup rule. Due to the specialty of the details in each rule, many racing yachts are also tank tested. A 1:5 scale model of an IMS (International Measurement System) boat was tested for drag, motions in waves, and wetted surface area. The results were used to provide data for VPP (Velocity Prediction Program) calculations.



Seakeeping and Maneuvering Model Test Results of a Radio-Controlled AAAV Planing Boat in Calm Water and in Waves
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1995


Since 1990, the MHL has developed the capability of conducting field tests using radio controlled models. These high speed planing boat tests were conducted in Lake Michigan during weather that generated scaled waves of extreme height. Data were radioed to shore computers, while the model was being controlled via separate radios. The tests included testing novel and damaged appendages. Some configurations provided capsizing events which validated the use of models to examine potentially unsafe design parameters.



Resistance, Seakeeping and Vertical Acceleration Tests of a 250 Passenger Swath Crewboat
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1995-1996


The MHL specializes in complex seakeeping tests. Special high speed tests of SWATH vessels (Small Waterplane Area Twin Hulls) measured not only motions and forces in calm water and random seas, but also neutral accelerations. This work is being done to reduce motion sickness among passengers.



Asymetrical strut and pontoon being constructed.




Full-Scale Field Tests of a Water Jet Marine Propulsor at the Bollard Condition using the Waterjet Test Rig (WTR)
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1992-1995


Since 1992, the MHL has expanded its field test capabilities to include full-scale vessels. In preparation for more advanced tests, a full-scale planing boat was instrumented and tested at the Bollard condition. This included instrumenting a 23" diameter fully operational jet pump and the 1200 horsepower diesel engine which powered it.



Fast Transit SWATH in Waves
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1995


Specialized ship behavior can be difficult to predict analytically or by computer. For SWATH vessels, evaluation of the design is done in the towing tank. Motions and added resistance were measured.



Validation Tests of MX01
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1994


Seakeeping tests were done on a 1:4 scale model of a racing yacht used in the 1995 America's Cup Race. Four carbon fiber hulls were tested to refine and validate computer programs which were used by PACT95 to design "Young America," the yacht which represented the United States in the race. Over 800 tests were performed in calm water and in waves. Results are restricted for three years before publication is possible.



Development and Evaluation of Radar Ocean Imaging Models
Project Director: David R. Lyzenga
Sponsor: Office of Naval Research
Time Period: 01 February 1993-Present


The goal of this project is to contribute to a better understanding of the processes influencing the variations in radar backscatter from the ocean surface on scales of 1 meter to 1 km, and to improve radar remote sensing techniques for oceanographic purposes. The project involves the development of improved models for predicting changes in the surface roughness due to wave-current and air-sea interactions, and testing of these models using data collected during two oceanographic field experiments in September 1991 and June 1993. Laboratory measurements made during the URI Radar Modeling and Measurements project have been incorporated into these models to evaluate and predict the effects of wave breaking on radar images of fronts and internal waves. An investigation of the morphology and distribution of surface slicks was also carried out, and a procedure for using observations of slick motions to measure surface currents was developed and evaluated.




Illustration of surface current mapping using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images near the edge of the Gulf Stream. White arrows show current vectors obtained by observing motion of slick patterns between SAR passes separated by about 20 minutes. These currents agree closely with shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements.


Radar Modeling and Measurements
Project Director: David R. Lyzenga
Sponsor: Office of Naval Research
Time Period: 01 May 1992-Present


This project is a part of the University Research Initiative Program in Ocean Surface Processes and Remote Sensing. The goal of the project is to evaluate the accuracy of existing radar backscatter models for the ocean surface and to develop improved models. The project involves both laboratory measurements and theoretical/numerical scattering calculations, concentrating on the effects of small-scale breaking waves. Experiments on both steady and transient breaking waves have been carried out in three facilities within the Marine Hydrodynamics Laboratory. These experiments have shown that while specular scattering and possibly edge diffraction effects are important during the early stages of breaking, the backscatter from fully developed breaking waves is dominated by the small-scale roughness generated during the breaking process. We have also developed a new numerical procedure for calculating radar backscatter using an iterative solution of the surface current integral equation, and have used this procedure to evaluate various approximate scattering models.



Model of the Thermal Bar Based on a Second Order Turbulence Closure Scheme URI Program in Ocean Survey Processes and Remote Sensing
Project Director: Guy A. Meadows
Sponsor: Office of Naval Research
Time Period: 01 May 1992-Present


The thermal bar is a feature of limnological flows in temperate regions that marks the boundary between stratified and unstratified water. In the spring, the bar develops because nearshore water warms faster than offshore water, and migrates offshore as the heating season advances. It is located near the temperature of maximum density, about 4deg. C in fresh water. Its strength, speed and persistence depend on the local bathymetry and climatology. A fully developed bar governs the dynamics of the nearshore regions. Modeling this flow is essential to understanding related processes in the coastal environment. This research project is designed to develop a model of the vernal thermal bar using a second order turbulence closure scheme to compute flow variables and turbulence characteristics. The surface heat flux and wind stress are the external driving forces.



An Evaluation of Precision Nearshore Hydrodynamic Survey Techniques for Monitoring Beach Nourishment in the Great Lakes
Project Director: Guy A. Meadows
Sponsor: US Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center
Time Period: 27 September 1991-30 September 1994


Recent project increases in population pressure on the coastlines of the United States have resulted in the need for an accurate and reliable predictive capability to assess the impact of physical processes and coastal engineering structures on shoreline characteristics. Numerical models offer many advantages for accomplishing these tasks (flexibility and relative low cost), however without accurate profile response data on real coastlines they are not effective tools.

The objective of this research project is to evaluate precision nearshore hydrographic survey techniques for beach nourishment in the Great Lakes and to make recommendations for the placement of shoreline nourishment. The primary focus of this effort is coastal erosion mitigation with emphasis on the mapping of post- and pre-nourishment shorelines.

The Ocean Engineering Laboratory has been collecting Great Lakes long term beach evolution survey data over the last several years. To complete the picture, there is a need for short term coastal nourishment response information on the Great Lakes. The combination of these data sets will be very useful for validation of existing numerical models to predict long and short term evolution in the vicinity of coastal engineering structures. These data will also facilitate the development of a model of coastal evolution in response to storms which is underway at the University of Michigan.




Coastal erosion is a continuing process. Our awareness of erosion is heightened during periods of extremely high water levels. To live successfully on the coastline and maintain coastal structures effectively we must learn to understand and accept the erosional process. One vivid example of this process is the severe erosion experienced over a sixteen-year period at the Big Sable Point Lighthouse.


Acoustic-Based Remote Sensing Technologies
Project Director: Guy A. Meadows
Sponsor: Michigan Sea Grant College Program
Co-Investigators: David Lyzenga, Klaus-Peter Beier
Time Period: 01 August 1995-Present


Acoustic-based remote sensing technologies and methods show potential in assessing shipwrecks and other underwater cultural resources. In particular, these technologies my enhance field survey and site characterization through improved three-dimensional mapping and imaging.

Humans receive much of their information about the material world by means of wave energy, either electromagnetic (light) or mechanical (sound). In the atmosphere, light in the visible part of the spectrum is attenuated less than sound, but in the sea, the reverse is the case. In clear ocean water, the range at which visible details of objects are clear is rarely more than 50 meters, and usually much less. Because optical visibility is often limited underwater, sound waves (acoustics) can be used to obtain detailed information on bottom features (e.g., cultural artifacts or biological features). This is especially true in highly energetic regions (Great Lakes embayments and continental shelf shoreward).

Historically, basic acoustic instrumentation made sea floor information available through the use of echo-sounders and sonar (sound navigation and ranging). Sonar is essentially a narrow beam echo sounder which provides detection and location of underwater targets. Side scan sonars provide images of the sea floor through use of strip map techniques at many angles of incidence. These techniques all employ single source and single receiver instrumentation yielding at most two-dimensional data recovery.

To gain as much information as possible from the configuration of sea bottom features in the marine environment, it is preferable to obtain three-dimensional data. Sea Beam is a recently developed acoustic instrumentation and analysis package which provides high resolution echo sounding information for real-time mapping of sea floor bottom features. The orientation of the transmitters and receivers in this system allows for coverage of 256 individual depth measurements over an area equal to 80 percent of the water depth (typically the area of ensonification of a single traditional echo sounder). In addition to a higher measurement density, the Sea Beam also hosts a roll gyro compensation system which provides extremely well navigated information corrected for transducer motion. The basis of this system, which has proven extremely useful and accurate for coverage of large sea floor (e.g., spreading centers, submarine canyons) may be extended and enhanced for application to smaller targets with higher resolution and accuracy.

For even higher resolution (i.e., less than 1 meter), systems utilizing optical or acoustic imaging techniques are required. Conventional stereo imaging is a time-tested technique which has proven highly useful in developing topographic maps of surfaces through passive optical imagery. This technique could be used, in principle, for underwater mapping, but for the reasons mentioned earlier it would be more useful to use acoustic methods.

There exists a close parallel between acoustic and radar technology. It is therefore of interest to review developments in both optical and radar technology which may be applicable to mapping underwater features. During the 1970's, the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) initiated investigations of various airborne and spaceborne remote sensing techniques for their potential usefulness in updating nautical charts. The DMA's goals, in order of priority are to: (1) detect uncharted or mispositioned submerged features which are potentially hazardous to surface navigation, (2) define the boundary and location of these hazardous features in either an absolute or relative sense, and (3) obtain accurate, detailed and complete water depth information.

Early remote sensing efforts in this area utilized aerial photography, multispectral scanners, or lidars. These optical techniques are able to meet DMA's first two goals in shallow, clear-water areas, and Landsat data are now used for mapping hydrographic features. Techniques have also been developed to extract estimates of water depths from digital Landsat data. These techniques are accurate to within 1 to 1.5 m in water less than 20 m deep, when multi-date data are combined and tidal and water turbidity information are known.

The goals of this project are:

1. Develop generally accepted frameworks for assessment of deep water shipwrecks and associated natural environments that can be applied to the evaluation of remote sensing systems and methods. This research will result in objectives and criteria needed to enhance decision-making ( and tradeoffs) relating to research, management, and use of deep-water shipwrecks and associated natural environments.

2. Develop technological systems for active acoustic imaging of deep-water shipwrecks and associated natural environments using recent scientific and signal processing breakthroughs in radar imaging. This research will advance the process of automated underwater mapping and imaging from high resolution two-dimensional outputs to accurate (order of centimeter), high resolution three-dimension outputs.

3. Transfer results to end users in maritime technology, underwater resource management, and commercial salvage, and to other interested audiences, including technology developers and recreational divers. These processes in public service will enhance understanding, cooperation, and collaboration among technology developers and maritime archeologists, underwater resource managers and commercial salvagers.



A Remote Operated Vehicle for Great Lakes Undergraduate Education
Project Director: Guy A. Meadows
Sponsor: National Science Foundation
Time Period: 01 September 1993-31 August 1995


This research grant partially supported the purchase of a Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV) for Great Lakes undergraduate laboratory education. This vehicle serves a broad, undergraduate population with the goal of providing high quality engineering and science students with the tools necessary to attack the serious issues facing the marine environment. As man increases his exploration of the marine environment, the need for unmanned, remotely operated or autonomous vehicles is ever increasing. Although the ROV receives wide interdisciplinary use in the education of students across the breadth of the University of Michigan, the Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering has been selected to be the home department. For the past three decades commercial ship building in the United States has decreased dramatically. This trend is likely to continue as foreign competition and technology continue to increase. There is a pressing national need to lead the technological development in new areas such as ocean exploration. These new disciplines will require the training of engineers and scientists with capabilities to adequately attack new and challenging problems. Similarly, major future breakthroughs in all areas of oceanography will be made by detailed understanding of ecosystems and their interrelationships. An important role in this effort will be played by the selective sampling and inspection capabilities provided by ROV's.

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MARINE HYDRODYNAMICS AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING


America's Cup Yacht Model Testing
Project Directors: Stuart Cohen and Robert F. Beck
Sponsor: PACT; Team Dennis Conner, Ford Motor Co, PACT '95;
Science Applications International Corp.
Time Period: 1992-1996


The Marine Hydrodynamics Laboratory specializes in complex non-linear seakeeping tests in its 360 foot Towing Basin. This expertise has been extended during extensive tests of IACC Yachts during the last two cycles of America's Cup Races in 1993 and 1996. In 1992 we tested models for PACT '93 and for Team Dennis Connor. In 1994 and 1995 we tested four models for PACT '95 that were instrumental to the design of "Young America", the yacht that represented the United States in the races. The most detailed research program was initiated by PACT93, and resulted in a major upgrade of our testing techniques. Our work has been mentioned in many newspapers, as well as in magazines such as "Scientific American".





The particular model that was used, MX01, has become somewhat of a hydrodynamic standard yacht. The results include some new discoveries that depend on the discovered linearity of this particular speed and hull configuration. We measured the usual seakeeping variables of pitch angle, heave displacement, yaw & roll moment, and resistance, using our advanced technology free-to-surge (HPS) dynamometer. The model was free to exhibit any possible non-linearity. The tests showed that for this particular model running at 9 knots it was highly linear. To model the dynamic properties correctly in model scale, we used the swing table to set the moments of inertia. This system was improved to the point that during the swing test, the added mass of the air could be measured, and the model had to be covered in plastic to get swing time the same in both directions. The plastic had to be maintained in the resistance tests, too, because we wanted added resistance in waves that is found by subtracting the calm water resistance. The HPS dynamometer had a sub-carriage that tracked the model with a sophisticated second sub-carriage. We developed software to trigger the data acquisition automatically at the same position in the tank for every test.




A typical total resistance curve was prepared in the traditional way, that is with the horizontal axis being the wave length (lambda) over the ship length (L). This graph contains nothing remarkable. The three sets of tests represent different nominal wave slopes of 40, 45, and 50 with the total resistance coefficients for the steeper waves being higher. However, to graph it for exact values of wave slope, we used a novel fairing technique. Instead of using steepness, we used the square of the inverse, what we called flatness. The results fell on straight lines, and therefore, even though we occasionally hit the nominal wave slope as intended, once the straight lines were faired, we could pick off values at the exact nominal slopes. As it turned out, this technique was also useful for the motions. We did a large variety of tests, some of which are still proprietary. A particular series of tests used a standard moment of inertia and one 4 times as large, but the real scientific advance was a possible new type of non-dimensionalization.
In both cases of pitch and total resistance coefficient, the lambda over L graphs showed nothing remarkable. We prepared new coefficients based on the square of the wave height. Using the special non-dimensional scheme the pitch, roll and yaw moment coefficients fall approximately on straight lines. The measure of the fit is that the line that goes through the point of greatest flatness, also goes through zero. For yaw, the hindcast of the measured values has a maximum error of only a few percent. This shows that the data can be collapsed to a single number.

There is one particular extension of this procedure. When we used the special non-dimensionalization, and found that the resistance curve fell on straight lines, we looked at the slope of those lines, and found that the inverse of that slope also falls on a straight line. Further investigation indicated that, to good approximation, the slope of this line was the calm water resistance. In other words, if the response is assumed linear with wave slope, then from pure wave tests you could determine what the calm water resistance of the model was.

How might this be useful? An estimate of the full scale resistance could be made by measuring the wind velocity and the amount of sail that was up, and the wave height and wave length using buoys that were in the water, or some kind of optical aid. With that information, one point of the drag graph could be constructed. Knowing that a linear model constrains the curves to go through zero, the slope of the line gives you the calm water resistance for the model at all speeds. Using data from several days with differing wave conditions can generate the entire set of curves shown.



Fully Nonlinear Water Wave Computations:
Fully Nonlinear Hydrodynamic Computations for Offshore Structures
Nonlinear Time-Domain Ship Motions Computations
Nonlinear Time-Domain Free Surface Computations Including Lifting Effects
Nonlinear Time-Domain Free Surface Computations for Arbitrary Bodies
Project Director: Robert F. Beck


This group of projects has involved the computation of fully nonlinear water waves. At the present time the fluid is considered ideal since this greatly simplifies the computations. Eventually this ideal outer flow will have to be matched to a viscous inner region near the body. The body motion is modeled using rigid body dynamics. Elastic deformation of the structure may easily be included in the model if necessary. However, while elastic effects may be important for the structural integrity, they have little influence on the motions under normal circumstances.

In the fully nonlinear problem, the exact body boundary condition and the fully nonlinear free surface boundary conditions are used. The problem is formulated as an initial value problem. The motion is started from rest and stepped forward in time using an Euler-Lagrange approach in which the free surface boundary conditions are utilized to time-step the solution. At each time step, the positions of the free surface and the body surface are known. The value of the potential on the free surface and its normal derivative on the body surface are also known. This well defined mixed boundary value problem can be solved using a variety of numerical methods. The kinematic and dynamic free surface boundary conditions are then used to update the position of the free surface and its potential respectively. The value of the normal derivative of the potential on the body surface is known for forced motions or can be determined by time stepping Euler's equations of motion for free-body motion. This process is then repeated for the next time step.


Agreement Between Experiment and Theory for Wave Elevation Next to the Wigley Hull
The Nonlinear approximation for the waves next to the hull is much improved over the linear approximation. The bow wave shown here is a good example of a highly non-linear wave which cannot be adequately represented with linear theory.


Free Surface Contours of the Wake Produced by the Wigley Hull Moving at a Constant Forward Speed.


At each time step, the mixed boundary value problem is solved using the so called desingularized boundary integral method, given the velocity potential on the free surface and the velocity of the body surface. The desingularized method uses singularities placed outside the fluid domain while the collocation points remain on the boundary to greatly simplify and speed-up the numerical computations. The solution to the boundary value problem at each time step gives the flow velocity on the free surface and the hydrodynamic pressure on the body. Most of the CPU time is devoted to solving the mixed boundary value problem that typically contains more than 4000 unknowns for a three-dimensional problem. The latest research involves using multipole expansion techniques to greatly speed up the computations and to reduce the memory requirements.




Nonlinear Shallow Water Incident Waves Diffracted by a Vertical Cylinder.
The waves are generated upstream by a piston wave maker. The wave diffraction causes a run-up on the incident wave side of the cylinder which is greater than twice the incident wave amplitude. Wave run-up is important in the design of offshore structures. Resonant Interaction of Gravity-Capillary Waves.
By including surface tension in the free surface boundary condition the interaction of capillary/gravity waves can be studied. 9.8 Hz waves are produced by a pneumatic wave maker at the left-hand side of the numerical wave tank. Due to second harmonic resonance, 19.6 Hz capillary waves are generated at the gravity wave front. Because the group velocity of capillary waves is greater than their phase velocity, the capillary waves run out ahead of the gravity waves. Capillary/gravity wave interaction is important in the remote sensing of the ocean surface by synthetic aperture radar.


To date the technique has been applied successfully to a wide variety of problems including: the wave patterns behind a translating and oscillating disturbance; the hydrodynamic forces acting on translating submerged bodies of revolution; shallow water solitons generated by a disturbance started from rest; two-dimensional and axial symmetric bodies oscillating in calm water at zero forward speed; the Wigley hull at constant forward speed and in forced heave and pitch; the two-dimensional sloshing in a rectangular tank; and the three-dimensional wave run-up and exciting forces on a circular cylinder in shallow water incident waves.



Dynamics of Free Surface Turbulent Flows
Project Director: Robert F. Beck
Co-Investigators: M. Perlin, D. Walker, L. Bernal, R. Akhavan
Time Period: 1992-1995


The primary objective of the research is to develop a fundamental understanding of the dynamics of turbulent vorticity fields interacting with the free surface. Particular emphasis is placed on the mechanisms for the generation and modification of surface waves by vortical flows and the creation of vorticity in regions of high surface curvature and by breaking waves. A group of interrelated experimental, numerical and analytical projects have been defined to carry out the research.

(See more complete description under Perlin and Walker entries).



Development of Vectorized Ship Hydrodynamic Codes
Project Director: Robert F. Beck


Codes are being developed to predict the fully nonlinear hydrodynamic characteristics of floating bodies in waves. The computations are made assuming potential flow and using the Desingularized Euler-Lagrange Time-Domain Approach. This technique has proven to be robust and fast on a variety of problems. Six-degree of freedom computations will be made for offshore structures at zero forward speed and for displacement ships at forward speed.



ONR High School Traineeship
Project Director: Robert F. Beck
Sponsor: Office of Naval Research
Time Period: June 1994 - May 1995


This project places high school students on ONR sponsored U of M research projects for the summer. The goal is to heighten interest in science and engineering by having students work on actual research projects. Each student is paid $5 per hour and is expected to work 200 hours during the summer. The student is of no cost to the research project since this account pays the students' wages. The student is also expected to write a report at the end of the summer. A total of 16 students are placed each summer.



United States Army Corps of Engineers Meters
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1991-1992


The Marine Hydrodynamics Laboratory (MHL) regularly provides services to the Federal Government and to the State of Michigan. Flow rates of rivers and estuaries are made with current meters tested in the main towing tank.



Force and Motion Tests of a 1:50 Scale Model of Pelagic Fish Nets Used for Aquaculture When Exposed to Waves and Currents
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1995-1996


The effects of current and waves on the mooring forces of Pelagic fish farm pens was measured. Offshore, moored fish pens and related equipment was designed. Subsequent analysis and random wave tests in the towing tank confirmed the design parameters. These reports will be used to establish the Army Corp of Engineers criteria for fish net installation throughout the United States.



Tow Resistance and Directional Stability Tests for a Partial Ship Towed Ahead and Astern Preresented by a 1:55 Scale Model
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1996


Specialized ship yard problems were solved using a model of a partially built ship. Evaluations of towing astern, with temporary bows or with various draft and trim combinations were made to determine the most economic method to construct a special purpose ship.



Model Tests of an IACC Yacht Hull Under Two Moments of Inertia and at a Heel and Yaw Angle
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1992


The MHL has participated in both 1992 and 1995 America's Cup Yacht model testing. Several models were used in developing standardized seakeeping tests. Results were used for computer code validation of resistance, added resistance in waves and motions and moments. The models were tested in various heel and yaw combinations in calm water and regular waves.



Directional Stability and Resistance Tests for a 325' Notched Tank Barge Resistance Tests of a 1:47.87 Scale Model of a LASH Vessel with Two Sterns Open Water Tests on the Maelstrom Jet Pump at Bollard and at Forward Speeds
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1994


The MHL provides testing expertise for many industrial contractors throughout the United States. Typical are resistance tests for barges, in which the stern skeg design and angle were optimized. The result was a new design which improved cargo capacity and reduced fuel consumption, but not enough to offset the building costs, so the modification was not adopted.



Toleration of Air in a 10-Inch Model Propulsion Water Jet Pump Tested at the Bollard Condition
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1992-1994


A series of ongoing tests of waterjets used for marine propulsion have been done. Flow visualization using underwater and above water cameras investigated steady air flow into the inlet ducts. The effects of air bursts on jet pump performance were also done using a 2.3:1 scale model. Various inlet and hull geometries were changed to divert air from the inlets, and evaluated in calm water and in waves.




Ocean Racing Yacht Model Testing
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1994


There are additional racing yacht rules beside the America's Cup rule. Due to the specialty of the details in each rule, many racing yachts are also tank tested. A 1:5 scale model of an IMS (International Measurement System) boat was tested for drag, motions in waves, and wetted surface area. The results were used to provide data for VPP (Velocity Prediction Program) calculations.



Seakeeping and Maneuvering Model Test Results of a Radio-Controlled AAAV Planing Boat in Calm Water and in Waves
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1995


Since 1990, the MHL has developed the capability of conducting field tests using radio controlled models. These high speed planing boat tests were conducted in Lake Michigan during weather that generated scaled waves of extreme height. Data were radioed to shore computers, while the model was being controlled via separate radios. The tests included testing novel and damaged appendages. Some configurations provided capsizing events which validated the use of models to examine potentially unsafe design parameters.



Resistance, Seakeeping and Vertical Acceleration Tests of a 250 Passenger Swath Crewboat
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1995-1996


The MHL specializes in complex seakeeping tests. Special high speed tests of SWATH vessels (Small Waterplane Area Twin Hulls) measured not only motions and forces in calm water and random seas, but also neutral accelerations. This work is being done to reduce motion sickness among passengers.



Asymetrical strut and pontoon being constructed.




Full-Scale Field Tests of a Water Jet Marine Propulsor at the Bollard Condition using the Waterjet Test Rig (WTR)
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1992-1995


Since 1992, the MHL has expanded its field test capabilities to include full-scale vessels. In preparation for more advanced tests, a full-scale planing boat was instrumented and tested at the Bollard condition. This included instrumenting a 23" diameter fully operational jet pump and the 1200 horsepower diesel engine which powered it.



Fast Transit SWATH in Waves
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1995


Specialized ship behavior can be difficult to predict analytically or by computer. For SWATH vessels, evaluation of the design is done in the towing tank. Motions and added resistance were measured.



Validation Tests of MX01
Project Director: Stuart Cohen
Time Period: 1994


Seakeeping tests were done on a 1:4 scale model of a racing yacht used in the 1995 America's Cup Race. Four carbon fiber hulls were tested to refine and validate computer programs which were used by PACT95 to design "Young America," the yacht which represented the United States in the race. Over 800 tests were performed in calm water and in waves. Results are restricted for three years before publication is possible.



Development and Evaluation of Radar Ocean Imaging Models
Project Director: David R. Lyzenga
Sponsor: Office of Naval Research
Time Period: 01 February 1993-Present


The goal of this project is to contribute to a better understanding of the processes influencing the variations in radar backscatter from the ocean surface on scales of 1 meter to 1 km, and to improve radar remote sensing techniques for oceanographic purposes. The project involves the development of improved models for predicting changes in the surface roughness due to wave-current and air-sea interactions, and testing of these models using data collected during two oceanographic field experiments in September 1991 and June 1993. Laboratory measurements made during the URI Radar Modeling and Measurements project have been incorporated into these models to evaluate and predict the effects of wave breaking on radar images of fronts and internal waves. An investigation of the morphology and distribution of surface slicks was also carried out, and a procedure for using observations of slick motions to measure surface currents was developed and evaluated.




Illustration of surface current mapping using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images near the edge of the Gulf Stream. White arrows show current vectors obtained by observing motion of slick patterns between SAR passes separated by about 20 minutes. These currents agree closely with shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements.


Radar Modeling and Measurements
Project Director: David R. Lyzenga
Sponsor: Office of Naval Research
Time Period: 01 May 1992-Present


This project is a part of the University Research Initiative Program in Ocean Surface Processes and Remote Sensing. The goal of the project is to evaluate the accuracy of existing radar backscatter models for the ocean surface and to develop improved models. The project involves both laboratory measurements and theoretical/numerical scattering calculations, concentrating on the effects of small-scale breaking waves. Experiments on both steady and transient breaking waves have been carried out in three facilities within the Marine Hydrodynamics Laboratory. These experiments have shown that while specular scattering and possibly edge diffraction effects are important during the early stages of breaking, the backscatter from fully developed breaking waves is dominated by the small-scale roughness generated during the breaking process. We have also developed a new numerical procedure for calculating radar backscatter using an iterative solution of the surface current integral equation, and have used this procedure to evaluate various approximate scattering models.



Model of the Thermal Bar Based on a Second Order Turbulence Closure Scheme URI Program in Ocean Survey Processes and Remote Sensing
Project Director: Guy A. Meadows
Sponsor: Office of Naval Research
Time Period: 01 May 1992-Present


The thermal bar is a feature of limnological flows in temperate regions that marks the boundary between stratified and unstratified water. In the spring, the bar develops because nearshore water warms faster than offshore water, and migrates offshore as the heating season advances. It is located near the temperature of maximum density, about 4deg. C in fresh water. Its strength, speed and persistence depend on the local bathymetry and climatology. A fully developed bar governs the dynamics of the nearshore regions. Modeling this flow is essential to understanding related processes in the coastal environment. This research project is designed to develop a model of the vernal thermal bar using a second order turbulence closure scheme to compute flow variables and turbulence characteristics. The surface heat flux and wind stress are the external driving forces.



An Evaluation of Precision Nearshore Hydrodynamic Survey Techniques for Monitoring Beach Nourishment in the Great Lakes
Project Director: Guy A. Meadows
Sponsor: US Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center
Time Period: 27 September 1991-30 September 1994


Recent project increases in population pressure on the coastlines of the United States have resulted in the need for an accurate and reliable predictive capability to assess the impact of physical processes and coastal engineering structures on shoreline characteristics. Numerical models offer many advantages for accomplishing these tasks (flexibility and relative low cost), however without accurate profile response data on real coastlines they are not effective tools.

The objective of this research project is to evaluate precision nearshore hydrographic survey techniques for beach nourishment in the Great Lakes and to make recommendations for the placement of shoreline nourishment. The primary focus of this effort is coastal erosion mitigation with emphasis on the mapping of post- and pre-nourishment shorelines.

The Ocean Engineering Laboratory has been collecting Great Lakes long term beach evolution survey data over the last several years. To complete the picture, there is a need for short term coastal nourishment response information on the Great Lakes. The combination of these data sets will be very useful for validation of existing numerical models to predict long and short term evolution in the vicinity of coastal engineering structures. These data will also facilitate the development of a model of coastal evolution in response to storms which is underway at the University of Michigan.




Coastal erosion is a continuing process. Our awareness of erosion is heightened during periods of extremely high water levels. To live successfully on the coastline and maintain coastal structures effectively we must learn to understand and accept the erosional process. One vivid example of this process is the severe erosion experienced over a sixteen-year period at the Big Sable Point Lighthouse.


Acoustic-Based Remote Sensing Technologies
Project Director: Guy A. Meadows
Sponsor: Michigan Sea Grant College Program
Co-Investigators: David Lyzenga, Klaus-Peter Beier
Time Period: 01 August 1995-Present


Acoustic-based remote sensing technologies and methods show potential in assessing shipwrecks and other underwater cultural resources. In particular, these technologies my enhance field survey and site characterization through improved three-dimensional mapping and imaging.

Humans receive much of their information about the material world by means of wave energy, either electromagnetic (light) or mechanical (sound). In the atmosphere, light in the visible part of the spectrum is attenuated less than sound, but in the sea, the reverse is the case. In clear ocean water, the range at which visible details of objects are clear is rarely more than 50 meters, and usually much less. Because optical visibility is often limited underwater, sound waves (acoustics) can be used to obtain detailed information on bottom features (e.g., cultural artifacts or biological features). This is especially true in highly energetic regions (Great Lakes embayments and continental shelf shoreward).

Historically, basic acoustic instrumentation made sea floor information available through the use of echo-sounders and sonar (sound navigation and ranging). Sonar is essentially a narrow beam echo sounder which provides detection and location of underwater targets. Side scan sonars provide images of the sea floor through use of strip map techniques at many angles of incidence. These techniques all employ single source and single receiver instrumentation yielding at most two-dimensional data recovery.

To gain as much information as possible from the configuration of sea bottom features in the marine environment, it is preferable to obtain three-dimensional data. Sea Beam is a recently developed acoustic instrumentation and analysis package which provides high resolution echo sounding information for real-time mapping of sea floor bottom features. The orientation of the transmitters and receivers in this system allows for coverage of 256 individual depth measurements over an area equal to 80 percent of the water depth (typically the area of ensonification of a single traditional echo sounder). In addition to a higher measurement density, the Sea Beam also hosts a roll gyro compensation system which provides extremely well navigated information corrected for transducer motion. The basis of this system, which has proven extremely useful and accurate for coverage of large sea floor (e.g., spreading centers, submarine canyons) may be extended and enhanced for application to smaller targets with higher resolution and accuracy.

For even higher resolution (i.e., less than 1 meter), systems utilizing optical or acoustic imaging techniques are required. Conventional stereo imaging is a time-tested technique which has proven highly useful in developing topographic maps of surfaces through passive optical imagery. This technique could be used, in principle, for underwater mapping, but for the reasons mentioned earlier it would be more useful to use acoustic methods.

There exists a close parallel between acoustic and radar technology. It is therefore of interest to review developments in both optical and radar technology which may be applicable to mapping underwater features. During the 1970's, the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) initiated investigations of various airborne and spaceborne remote sensing techniques for their potential usefulness in updating nautical charts. The DMA's goals, in order of priority are to: (1) detect uncharted or mispositioned submerged features which are potentially hazardous to surface navigation, (2) define the boundary and location of these hazardous features in either an absolute or relative sense, and (3) obtain accurate, detailed and complete water depth information.

Early remote sensing efforts in this area utilized aerial photography, multispectral scanners, or lidars. These optical techniques are able to meet DMA's first two goals in shallow, clear-water areas, and Landsat data are now used for mapping hydrographic features. Techniques have also been developed to extract estimates of water depths from digital Landsat data. These techniques are accurate to within 1 to 1.5 m in water less than 20 m deep, when multi-date data are combined and tidal and water turbidity information are known.

The goals of this project are:

1. Develop generally accepted frameworks for assessment of deep water shipwrecks and associated natural environments that can be applied to the evaluation of remote sensing systems and methods. This research will result in objectives and criteria needed to enhance decision-making ( and tradeoffs) relating to research, management, and use of deep-water shipwrecks and associated natural environments.

2. Develop technological systems for active acoustic imaging of deep-water shipwrecks and associated natural environments using recent scientific and signal processing breakthroughs in radar imaging. This research will advance the process of automated underwater mapping and imaging from high resolution two-dimensional outputs to accurate (order of centimeter), high resolution three-dimension outputs.

3. Transfer results to end users in maritime technology, underwater resource management, and commercial salvage, and to other interested audiences, including technology developers and recreational divers. These processes in public service will enhance understanding, cooperation, and collaboration among technology developers and maritime archeologists, underwater resource managers and commercial salvagers.



A Remote Operated Vehicle for Great Lakes Undergraduate Education
Project Director: Guy A. Meadows
Sponsor: National Science Foundation
Time Period: 01 September 1993-31 August 1995


This research grant partially supported the purchase of a Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV) for Great Lakes undergraduate laboratory education. This vehicle serves a broad, undergraduate population with the goal of providing high quality engineering and science students with the tools necessary to attack the serious issues facing the marine environment. As man increases his exploration of the marine environment, the need for unmanned, remotely operated or autonomous vehicles is ever increasing. Although the ROV receives wide interdisciplinary use in the education of students across the breadth of the University of Michigan, the Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering has been selected to be the home department. For the past three decades commercial ship building in the United States has decreased dramatically. This trend is likely to continue as foreign competition and technology continue to increase. There is a pressing national need to lead the technological development in new areas such as ocean exploration. These new disciplines will require the training of engineers and scientists with capabilities to adequately attack new and challenging problems. Similarly, major future breakthroughs in all areas of oceanography will be made by detailed understanding of ecosystems and their interrelationships. An important role in this effort will be played by the selective sampling and inspection capabilities provided by ROV's.
Dear Luke,

I know you own a house. Can you tell me more about morgage?

Your friend,
Big Gay Al

[Chasmoore04]

I do home loans

[CleanS14]

Man Al... don't act like you don't get any positive rep shizzle...

OT: Yo Chas, how are them home loans in SD now 'days?

[usdm180sx]

:wtc:

Here's a funny thing... 12-01-2005 01:32 AM Maybe if you weren't such an ass, people wouldn't harass you.

Here's a funny thing... 12-01-2005 06:35 AM talk about holding a grudge from 3 months ago

Buttonwillow- March 3rd 01-17-2006 05:24 PM you're a dumbass filipino, go back to the PI

D1 Drivers Search... 02-16-2006 08:03 PM I'm no idiot

Myspace'r - Who can... 02-24-2006 07:50 AM Don't be thuggin on V. Not cool.

Myspace'r - Who can... 02-27-2006 12:17 AM You're a fuckin' retard and your driving skills are just as fucked as your car when you crash......bitch. =)

Luke opens up shop Sr... 03-23-2006 07:27 AM Stop string up shit before you get banned.

UFC:Hughes vs Gracie 05-31-2006 03:06 AM Well seeing that this is a competition. There was dis filipino, chinese, and one portugi. they was hiking up dis mountain on a very hot and sunny day and they when stop for a rest. the chinese and the potugi when ask the filipino what he brought. h

Who cares? I bet I have more than you LOL

[blackflag_Rms13]

http://nissaninfiniticlub.net/photopost/data/500/19494trueno.gif

[TRUENOCOUPE]

http://nissaninfiniticlub.net/photopost/data/500/19494trueno.gif
Yet, you posted here to tell me that...

Idiot.

:ugh:

[TRUENOCOUPE]

Man Al... don't act like you don't get any positive rep shizzle...

OT: Yo Chas, how are them home loans in SD now 'days?

I would like to know from my e-friend Luke.

He has a house and certainly knows about morgage and loans.

Lukes Friend,
Al

[Chasmoore04]

Prices of homes are still high, although they are lower now then this time last year.

The rates have risen per greenspan but you can still find a good deal with the right program.

We are still growing about 2-5% per month though, which is crazy when you see how many loans we process.

[cfrost]

:rofl: :rofl: :rofl: :rofl: :rofl: :rofl: :rofl:

[statik]

my brain hurts

[Chasmoore04]

[QUOTE=cfrost]everything I post is very serious. QUOTE]

SASD

[Omarius Maximus]

The only way you get positive rep is either by being a vendor, or a brown nosing douche on zilvia. If by the slightest margin people disagree with you, then its a neg rep party. I personally would like to have as many negative reps as humanly possible. Please give me more bitches!

[Chasmoore04]

Ture, and thats the whole point

[TRUENOCOUPE]

Prices of homes are still high, although they are lower now then this time last year.

The rates have risen per greenspan but you can still find a good deal with the right program.

We are still growing about 2-5% per month though, which is crazy when you see how many loans we process.

is 650K house in CA expensive?

:(

[Ritz S14]

That Rich Dad, Poor Dad guy, said something like.. "If you think prices of homes of the bayarea are high, imagine them ten years from now".

He's right. I'd love to buy to buy one right now, but just bought a CD. Not talking about compact-discs either.

[downshift_sideways]

That Rich Dad, Poor Dad guy, said something like.. "If you think prices of homes of the bayarea are high, imagine them ten years from now".

He's right. I'd love to buy to buy one right now, but just bought a CD. Not talking about compact-discs either.

I bought a couple of CD's too :ugh:

V check your PM's.

[Chasmoore04]

is 650K house in CA expensive?

:(


no..............

[Omarius Maximus]

For all the fags that gave me neg reps, thank you! Any other douche want to give me some neg reps?

[Chasmoore04]

I will if you want it. LMK kthanks

[SochBAT]

Reps are a good way of seeing if the poster knows his shit, or is just jacking around.

Use it or lose it.

[TRUENOCOUPE]

Reps are a good way of seeing if the poster knows his shit, or is just jacking around.

Use it or lose it.

You sould like a fucking idiot.

:goyou:

[raz0rbladez909]

do be do be do beware of the penguins

[cfrost]

Reps are a good way of seeing if the poster knows his shit, or is just jacking around.

Use it or lose it.

NEG REP FOR YOU! :madfawk:

[Irukandji]

NEG REP FOR YOU! :madfawk:


it's not going to affect him because you suck.

[sncs14]

:eek2: do be do be do beware of the penguins

I'd forgotten all about the penguins :eek2:

[TRUENOCOUPE]

it's not going to affect him because you suck.

And you suck cocks.

:cry:

[Yuri]

Reading this thread is like stumbling into a classroom and finding out all the preschoolers have been given crack for breakfast.:ugh:

[TRUENOCOUPE]

Reading this thread is like stumbling into a classroom and finding out all the preschoolers have been given crack for breakfast.:ugh:

Says the guy with good reps.

:goyou:

[DrunkinEmu]

And you suck cocks.

:cry:

N1sm0r really does suck cock though!!!:fruit:

[TRUENOCOUPE]

N1sm0r really does suck cock though!!!:fruit:

Who are you?

:ugh:

[Chasmoore04]

bill nye the science guy.

[sncs14]

Says the guy with good reps.

:goyou:

HMMM...I wonder why we might have good rep???

Maybe because we're not making asses of ourselves and are contributing positively to the site.:fawkd:

[Chasmoore04]

Why is it in green, that word, its like your pos rep, green, my rep is good though

[OMGWTFBBQ]

how this thread has not been locked is beyond me

[TRUENOCOUPE]

how this thread has not been locked is beyond me

Cause your a phaeg.

All the mods are on vacation this week.

[Ritz S14]

It's "you're" as in, "you are".

[TRUENOCOUPE]

It's "you're" as in, "you are".

your a idiot.

moran.

:aw:

[Ritz S14]

your a idiot.

moran.

:aw:


I forgot you were an ESL student :mephfawk: :)

[TRUENOCOUPE]

I forgot you were an ESL student :mephfawk: :coolugh:
I can honestly you are that phaeg.
http://z.about.com/d/politicalhumor/1/0/n/U/moran.jpg

[Ritz S14]

You must have failed ESL.

[cfrost]

06-23-2006 02:31 PM Your rep don't do shit anymore.


someone please help me! if my rep doesn't affect other people's rep then my life is useless!!

list of things to do:
-paint 240 flat black
-get s.tech springs
-drift on touge before i go to the track
-be really cool online
-do silvia conversion
-get positive rep so i can feel good about myself

well boys, I'm off to home depot to get some krylon! ttyl! :)

[Chasmoore04]

Butters Scotch

[Chasmoore04]

I don't understand...... 06-23-2006 02:30 PM Learn how to spell
I don't understand...... 06-23-2006 11:47 AM die
I don't understand...... 06-23-2006 04:21 AM what a waste of time
I don't understand...... 06-22-2006 08:40 PM Cock gobler Jr.!



LOOK GUYS I GOT MY FIRST "DIE" Id like to thank all the little people that made this happen, my mom for getting pregnant with me, al for being such a jackass.

[Omarius Maximus]

I'd love to meet the person who writes "cock gobler" when he negative reps people. I just got that, if only the e thuggin fag would say that to my face. Go drive your 1989 240sx coupe with 230,000 miles off a cliff, homo.

It takes a special type of homo to use the term "cock gobbler" anyway....

Well, keep bringing these neg reps accompanied with your stupid comments juu phaegz.

[Chasmoore04]

Omarius for moderator.

I wasnt a full blown cock gobler, just a jr version

[Chasmoore04]

how this thread has not been locked is beyond me


why dont you got steal some pie speed moneky juinor:bigok: :bigok: :bigok: :bigok: :bigok: :fruit: :fruit: :fruit: :fruit: :goyou: :bigok: :ugh: :aw:

[Phlip]

motherfuck, I take 3 days away from the internet to rearrange my house, cut the yard and prepare for a house party and you motherfuckers do THIS shit?!!?

[Phlip]

TRUENOCOUPE, enjoy that 3 months pink I gave you, for:
1. starting this damned quagmire
2. unwarranted insults to other members