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Rownan
10-09-2003, 01:43 PM
Okay, I am judging a drift competition this weekend.. I am a decent drifter myself, and know what to look for.. I have no problem judging on skill and line like a judge should.

The problem is we have a very primitive points system set up, and I want this competition to be FAIR. So I am asking anyone here for their opinion, especially those that have participated in these types of events before. Also if anyone knows of links I can go to that might help me out..

Please don't give me links on "how to drift"... :rolleyes: I know nearly all there is to know.. I'm looking for stuff to pay attention to.. And basically how I can fairly judge two completely different competitors. By this I mean one drifter that I totally dig their style and another one that has just as much skill but I don't like their style as much.. Something like that isn't fair to the participants and I want to be able to accurately judge skill.


Thanks for any help you can provide!

Dousan_PG
10-09-2003, 01:54 PM
ooh ooh i have i have
btw, this below info i will be partaking in this sunday as i compete and do my best at the driftshowoff event! WOOT!

here's the basic info
you should check out club4ag.com or driftday.com (part of 4ag)
http://www.club4ag.com/DriftDAY/Falken%20Drift%20Showoff%202003-10/Falken%20Drift%20Showoff%20October%2012%202003%20D river%20Info.htm

Scoring Process - Maximum of 9 points by each judge. (2 judges per round)

Single Car Pass (first round)

Skill

Throttle, steering and brake modulation

Drift management skills

Speed – Speed management

Entry Speed

Cornering Speed

Presentation –

Ability to make best use of the type of car driven

Connection and planning of sequence of corners

***Poses, hand gestures etc by the driver will result in ‘0’ point.

Tandem Rounds (Top 16 though Finals)

All of the above but with following suggestions

Passing your opponent is not suggested.

close range combat is NOT required.

In a tandem run, spins are counted heavily, even more than understeer, so even if your opponent has not over-steered anywhere, if you spin you lose the round. Be conservative to avoid all mistakes.

If your opponent is slower than you, you should try to match his moves and stay behind. You will get your chance to leave him behind on the next run when you change places.

Never induce, abuse or move into your opponent's intended line, to close his path. This is considered unfair and will result in your loss for the run. Only approach as near as opponent's rear fenders. If you become parallel, to the opponent ahead of you, you will lose the round.

If you or your opponent is spinning out, take caution and try to move out of a collision path.

Never take risky maneuvers, if you close in too much to your opponent, and contact, you will lose that run.

Close range following rarely is consistent enough to win points for most of us, so concentrate on speed only when you are leading and stay behind a comfortable distance to follow with smooth and balanced skills and even distance. 2-3 car length is a ideal distance (unless you do not feel comfortable at that range)

Lastly, safety is the TOP importance for this and any competition, so please make your best effort to minimize risks, dangers, and possibilities of collisions to anything and anyone.

Enjoy the Day!

Please e-mail any concerns or questions to [email protected]

NiteKids
10-09-2003, 02:04 PM
I'm pretty sure that points system wont work for a drift event in Michigan. I'm sure they won't have 2 cars go at once. Only one person by themselfs and they will have problem w/ understeer.

Rownan
10-09-2003, 02:05 PM
Thanks a bunch dousan! That gives me something to start on.

Dousan_PG
10-09-2003, 02:07 PM
Originally posted by NiteKids
I'm pretty sure that points system wont work for a drift event in Michigan. I'm sure they won't have 2 cars go at once. Only one person by themselfs and they will have problem w/ understeer.

normally i would talk trash and tell you to shutup. but since my good friend has seen you 'goof around' i have more respect for your car control. when the new toys go in, let me know. :) hehehehehehe..

but PLEASE dont rag on other drifters or beginners. i know a few MN guys and east coasters who are definately good or getting much better to a great level. let's try and keep polite and friendly becuase no one started out as an expert.

Rownan
10-09-2003, 02:07 PM
Originally posted by NiteKids
I'm pretty sure that points system wont work for a drift event in Michigan. I'm sure they won't have 2 cars go at once. Only one person by themselfs and they will have problem w/ understeer.

Yeah, we won't be having tandem runs.. ;) But skill wise this does give me something to base my judging on to be less objectional.

And it is agreed, the skill level we be FAR below what ya'll are used to out there in the west.. In all seriousness this is the first drift event I know of EVER in michigan.

nokeone
10-09-2003, 02:28 PM
wow, great post..Moto knows his $hit..:D

and yeah...we all started somewhere...and some of us are still $hitty..lol..:coolugh:

Rownan
10-09-2003, 02:33 PM
What would you consider "drift management skills"? Overall technique?

Is there a reason not to judge on exit speed also?

And I'm gonna go a little heavier on the points total I think to offset the fact that few people if any are probably gonna be linking their slides. I would love to judge on transitioning, but I think for this purpose I am going to rather give people style points than take away points for not exhibiting this skill in their run..

RoNiN240sx
10-09-2003, 02:35 PM
Never induce, abuse or move into your opponent's intended line, to close his path. This is considered unfair and will result in your loss for the run. Only approach as near as opponent's rear fenders. If you become parallel, to the opponent ahead of you, you will lose the round.

i was wondering about this one. alotta times at the D1 event here in CA, i thought i saw alotta this happening when someone would attempt a pass. like in the run with tanaguchi and the ae86, it seemed like the 86 was doing that a couple times. and about not attempting a pass, it seemed like those are only crowd pleasers huh? i couldn't really tell how the judges were scoring things cause of the stupid announcers and the loud crowd.

Dousan_PG
10-09-2003, 02:39 PM
ill field those q :p
haha

shouldnt compare d1 professional w/ amatuers
the no passing and stay off fender i ASSUME and probably am right is about SAFETY
we arent putting 500 hp cars w/ 130 hp cars here haha..its pretty level for the most part..for the most part.


i would guess drift management would be overall technique and control.
how you manage your drift and all that. keep it going how long what ways..etc

exit speed is easy
a fast entry speed and proper line and carrying that speed throughout the ENTIRE (pre during and after) is far more important then stomping on the gas at the exit and shooting out.


i believe transitioning will fall under 'drift management'
they like to see consective here too...and sometimes that means LOOOOONG slides to connect haha..its not easy!

nokeone
10-09-2003, 02:53 PM
yeah as far as passing and crowding it seems, from what i have seen in person and in videos, that the D1 guys are pretty respectful of one another...they get close and try to match front wheel with back wheel while going into or through a corner but it seems they understand and recognize when to back up and when to close in...then again these guys do have ultimate control of their cars...amatuers doing the same thing would bump 9/10 times is my guess..lol..

Crab Walker
10-09-2003, 05:32 PM
Originally posted by Rownan
Okay, I am judging a drift competition this weekend.. I am a decent drifter myself, and know what to look for.. I have no problem judging on skill and line like a judge should.

The problem is we have a very primitive points system set up, and I want this competition to be FAIR. So I am asking anyone here for their opinion, especially those that have participated in these types of events before. Also if anyone knows of links I can go to that might help me out..

Please don't give me links on "how to drift"... :rolleyes: I know nearly all there is to know.. I'm looking for stuff to pay attention to.. And basically how I can fairly judge two completely different competitors. By this I mean one drifter that I totally dig their style and another one that has just as much skill but I don't like their style as much.. Something like that isn't fair to the participants and I want to be able to accurately judge skill.


Thanks for any help you can provide!

Hey I live in michigan... Where and when is this drift competition??? I'd like to watch :) also, how much?

Rownan
10-09-2003, 07:32 PM
Information on the event can be found HERE

http://www.projectaspec.com/battle.htm

Hope to see you there!

mbmbmb23
10-09-2003, 07:56 PM
Drifting in Michigan?? How cool is that!! I'm from north central Indiana (but now living in NC) and I'm hoping you will post many pics on your website of the event.


-m

speedrift
07-29-2007, 02:01 AM
hahahha funny post... Tim thx for the help.. I now got a pretty well set up system from our test at battle.. :) should work out well in future!

Farzam
07-29-2007, 02:09 AM
O.o

Back from 2003!!!!!!!!!! AHHHHHHHHHHHHH

speedrift
07-29-2007, 02:12 AM
Yeah for real wtf...

any how heads up i wanted to say thx to this guy publicly any how.. he did this on 03 and this year!

good guy.. one first drifters in MI!

blu808
07-29-2007, 02:47 AM
Aegean civilization: prehistoric Greece

Main article: Aegean civilization

The earliest civilization to ever appear around Greece was the Minoan civilization in Crete, which lasted approximately from 2700 (Early Minoan) BC to 1450 BC, and the Early Helladic period on the Greek mainland from ca. 2800 BC to 2100 BC.

Little specific information is known about the Minoans (even the name is a modern appellation, from Minos, the legendary king of Crete). They have been characterized as a pre-Indo-European people, apparently the linguistic ancestors of the Eteo-Cretan speakers of Classical Antiquity, their language being encoded in the undeciphered Linear A script. They were primarily a mercantile people engaged in overseas trade, taking advantage of their land's rich natural resources. Timber, at that time was, an abundant natural resource that was commercially exploited and exported to nearby lands such as Cyprus, Egypt and the Aegean Islands.

Although the causes of their demise are uncertain, they were eventually invaded by the Mycenaeans from mainland Greece. This invasion took place around 1400 BCE, and in conjunction with the Thera eruption, it presents a likely scenario for the final end of the Minoan civilization. According to this theory, the Minoan fleet and ports were irrevocably destroyed by colossal seismic and tidal waves. Possible climatic changes affected crops for many years, which in turn could have led to famine and social breakdown. The Mycenaean invaders wrote the final chapter of a civilization that flourished for some 1600 years.

[edit] Mycenaean Greece (Bronze Age)

Main article: Mycenaean Greece

Mycenaean Greece, also known as Bronze Age Greece, is the Late Helladic Bronze Age civilization of Ancient Greece. It lasted from the arrival of the Greeks in the Aegean around 1600 BC to the collapse of their Bronze Age civilization around 1100 BC. It is the historical setting of the epics of Homer and much other Greek mythology. The Mycenaean period takes its name from the archaeological site Mycenae in the northeastern Argolid, in the Peloponnesos of southern Greece. Athens, Pylos, Thebes, and Tiryns are also important Mycenaean sites.

Mycenaean civilization was dominated by a warrior aristocracy. Around 1400 BC the Mycenaeans extended their control to Crete, center of the Minoan civilization, and adopted a form of the Minoan script called Linear A to write their early form of Greek. The Mycenaean era script is called Linear B.

The Mycenaeans buried their nobles in beehive tombs (tholoi), large circular burial chambers with a high vaulted roof and straight entry passage lined with stone. They often buried daggers or some other form of military equipment with the deceased. The nobility were frequently buried with gold masks, tiaras, armour, and jeweled weapons. Mycenaeans were buried in a sitting position, and some of the nobility underwent mummification.

Around 1100 BC the Mycenaean civilization collapsed. Numerous cities were sacked and the region entered what historians see as a dark age. During this period Greece experienced a decline in population and literacy. The Greeks themselves have traditionally blamed this decline on an invasion by another wave of Greek people, the Dorians, although there is scant archaeological evidence for this view.

[edit] Greek Dark Ages

Main article: Greek Dark Ages

The Greek Dark Ages (ca. 1200 BC–800 BC) refers to the period of Greek history from the presumed Dorian invasion and end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 11th century BC to the rise of the first Greek city-states in the 9th century BC and the epics of Homer and earliest writings in alphabetic Greek in the 8th century BC.

The collapse of the Mycenaean coincided with the fall of several other large empires in the near east, most notably the Hittite and the Egyptian. The cause may be attributed to an invasion of the sea people wielding iron weapons. When the Dorians came down into Greece they also were equipped with superior iron weapons, easily dispersing the already weakened Mycenaeans. The period that follows these events is collectively known as the Greek Dark Ages.

Archaeology shows a collapse of civilization in the Greek world in this period. The great palaces and cities of the Mycenaeans were destroyed or abandoned. The Greek language ceased to be written. Greek dark age pottery has simple geometric designs and lacks the figurative decoration of Mycenaean ware. The Greeks of the dark age lived in fewer and smaller settlements, suggesting famine and depopulation, and foreign goods have not been found at archaeological sites, suggesting minimum international trade. Contact was also lost between foreign powers during this period, yielding little cultural progress or growth of any sort.

Kings ruled throughout this period until eventually they were replaced with an aristocracy, then still later, in some areas, an aristocracy within an aristocracy—an elite of the elite. Warfare shifted from a focus on cavalry to a great emphasis on infantry. Due to its cheapness of production and local availability, iron replaced bronze as the metal of choice in the manufacturing of tools and weapons. Slowly equality grew among the different sects of people, leading to the dethronement of the various Kings and the rise of the family.

Families began to reconstruct their past in attempts to link their bloodlines with heroes from the Trojan War, more specifically Heracles. While most of this was legend, some were sorted by poets of the school of Hesiod. Most of these poems are lost, though, but some famous "storywriters", as they were called, were Hecataeus of Miletus and Acusilaus of Argos.

It is thought that the epics by Homer contain a certain amount of tradition preserved orally during the Dark Ages period. The historical validity of Homer's writings is vigorously disputed; see the article on Troy for a discussion.

At the end of this period of stagnation, the Greek civilization was engulfed in a renaissance that spread the Greek world as far as the Black Sea and Spain. Writing was relearned from the Phoenicians, eventually spreading north into Italy and the Gauls.

[edit] Ancient Greece

Main article: Ancient Greece

Cape Sounion in Attica, looking out to the Aegean islands.
Cape Sounion in Attica, looking out to the Aegean islands.

There are no fixed or universally agreed dates for the beginning or the end of the Ancient/Classical Greek period. In common usage it refers to all Greek history before the Roman Empire, but historians use the term more precisely. Some writers include the periods of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations, while others argue that these civilizations were so different from later Greek cultures that they should be classed separately. Traditionally, the Ancient Greek period was taken to begin with the date of the first Olympic Games in 776 BC, but most historians now extend the term back to about 1000 BC. The traditional date for the end of the Ancient Greek period is the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC. The following period is classed as Hellenistic. Not everyone treats the Ancient and Hellenic periods as distinct, however, and some writers treat the Ancient Greek civilization as a continuum running until the advent of Christianity in the third century AD.

Ancient Greece is considered by most historians to be the foundational culture of Western Civilization. Greek culture was a powerful influence in the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of Europe. Ancient Greek civilization has been immensely influential on the language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, art and architecture of the modern world, particularly during the Renaissance in Western Europe and again during various neo-Classical revivals in 18th and 19th century Europe and The Americas.

The basic unit of politics in Ancient Greece was the polis, sometimes translated as city-state. "Politics" literally means "the things of the polis." Each city was independent, at least in theory. Some cities might be subordinate to others (a colony traditionally deferred to its mother city), some might have had governments wholly dependent upon others (the Thirty Tyrants in Athens was imposed by Sparta following the Peloponnesian War), but the titularly supreme power in each city was located within that city. This meant that when Greece went to war (e.g., against the Persian Empire), it took the form of an alliance going to war. It also gave ample opportunity for wars within Greece between different cities.

Most of the Greek names known to modern readers flourished in this age. Among the poets, Homer, Hesiod, Pindar, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Aristophanes, and Sappho were active. Famous politicians include Themistocles, Pericles, Lysander, Epaminondas, Alcibiades, Philip II of Macedon, and his son Alexander the Great. Plato wrote, as did Aristotle, Heraclitus of Ephesus, Parmenides, Democritus, Herodotus, Thucydides and Xenophon. Almost all of the mathematical knowledge formalized in Euclid's Elements at the beginning of the Hellenistic period was developed in this era.

Two major wars shaped the Ancient Greek world. The Persian Wars (500–448 BC) are recounted in Herodotus's Histories. Ionian Greek cities revolted from the Persian Empire and were supported by some of the mainland cities, eventually led by Athens. (The notable battles of this war include Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis, and Plataea.)

In order to prosecute the war, and subsequently to defend Greece from further Persian attack, Athens founded the Delian League in 477 BC. Initially, each city in the League would contribute ships and soldiers to a common army, but in time Athens allowed (and then compelled) the smaller cities to contribute funds so that it could supply their quota of ships. Revolution from the League could be punished. Following military reversals against the Persians, the treasury was moved from Delos to Athens, further strengthening the latter's control over the League. The Delian League was eventually referred to pejoratively as the Athenian Empire.

In 458 BC, while the Persian Wars were still ongoing, war broke out between the Delian League and the Peloponnesian League, comprising Sparta and its allies. After some inconclusive fighting, the two sides signed a peace in 447 BC.

That peace, it was stipulated, was to last thirty years: instead it held only until 431 BC, with the onset of the Peloponnesian War. Our main sources concerning this war are Thucydides's History of the Peloponnesian War and Xenophon's Hellenica.

The war began over a dispute between Corcyra and Epidamnus; the latter was a minor enough city that Thucydides has to tell his reader where it is. Corinth intervened on the Epidamnian side. Fearful lest Corinth capture the Corcyran navy (second only to the Athenian in size), Athens intervened. It prevented Corinth from landing on Corcyra at the Battle of Sybota, laid siege to Potidaea, and forbade all commerce with Corinth's closely situated ally, Megara (the Megarian decree).

There was disagreement among the Greeks as to which party violated the treaty between the Delian and Peloponnesian Leagues, as Athens was technically defending a new ally. The Corinthians begged Sparta for aid. Fearing the growing might of Athens, and witnessing Athens' willingness to use it against the Megarians (the embargo would have ruined them), Sparta declared the treaty to have been violated and the Peloponnesian War began in earnest.

The first stage of the war (known as the Archidamian War for the Spartan king, Archidamus II) lasted until 421 BC with the signing of the Peace of Nicias. The Athenian general Pericles recommended that his city fight a defensive war, avoiding battle against the superior land forces led by Sparta, and importing everything needful by maintaining its powerful navy: Athens would simply outlast Sparta, whose citizens feared to be out of their city for long lest the helots revolt. This strategy required that Athens endure regular sieges, and in 430 BC it was visited with an awful plague which killed approximately a quarter of its people, including Pericles. With Pericles gone, less conservative elements gained power in the city and Athens went on the offensive. It captured 300–400 Spartan hoplites at the Battle of Pylos. This represented a significant fraction of the Spartan fighting force which the latter decided it could not afford to lose. Meanwhile, Athens had suffered humiliating defeats at Delium and Amphipolis. The Peace of Nicias concluded with Sparta recovering its hostages and Athens recovering the city of Amphipolis.

Those who signed the Peace of Nicias in 421 BC swore to uphold it for fifty years. The second stage of the Peloponnesian War began in 415 BC when Athens embarked on the Sicilian Expedition to support an ally (Segesta) attacked by Syracuse and to conquer Sicily. Initially, Sparta was not going to aid its ally, but Alcibiades, the Athenian general who had argued for the Sicilian Expedition, defected to the Spartan cause upon being accused of grossly impious acts and convinced them that they could not allow Athens to subjugate Syracuse. The campaign ended in disaster for the Athenians.

Athens' Ionian possessions rebelled with the support of Sparta, as advised by Alcibiades. In 411 BC, an oligarchical revolt in Athens held out the chance for peace, but the Athenian navy, which remained committed to the democracy, refused to accept the change and continued fighting in Athens' name. The navy recalled Alcibiades (who had been forced to abandon the Spartan cause after reputedly seducing the wife of Agis II, a Spartan king) and made him its head. The oligarchy in Athens collapsed and Alcibiades proceeded to reconquer what had been lost.

In 407 BC, Alcibiades was replaced following a minor naval defeat at the Battle of Notium. The Spartan general Lysander, having fortified his city's naval power, won victory after victory. Following the Battle of Arginusae, which Athens won but was prevented by bad weather from rescuing some of its sailors, Athens executed or exiled eight of its top naval commanders. Lysander followed with a crushing blow at the Battle of Aegospotami in 405 BC which virtually destroyed the Athenian fleet. Athens surrendered one year later, ending the Peloponnesian War.

The war had left devastation in its wake. Discontent with the Spartan hegemony that followed (including the fact that it ceded Ionia and Cyprus to the Persian Empire at the conclusion of the Corinthian War (395–387 BC); see Treaty of Antalcidas) induced the Thebans to attack. Their general, Epaminondas, crushed Sparta at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC, inaugurating a period of Theban dominance in Greece. In 346 BC, unable to prevail in its ten year war with Phocis, Thebes called upon Philip II of Macedon for aid. Macedon quickly conquered the exhausted cites of Greece. The basic unit of politics from that point was the empire, and the Hellenistic Age had begun.

[edit] Hellenistic Greece

Main article: Hellenistic Greece

Philip V of Macedon, "the darling of Hellas", wearing the royal diadem.
Philip V of Macedon, "the darling of Hellas", wearing the royal diadem.

The Hellenistic period of Greek history begins with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and ends with the annexation of the Greek peninsula and islands by Rome in 146 BC. Although the establishment of Roman rule did not break the continuity of Hellenistic society and culture, which remained essentially unchanged until the advent of Christianity, it did mark the end of Greek political independence. During the Hellenistic period the importance of "Greece proper" (that is, the territory of modern Greece) within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great centres of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch, capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively. (See Hellenistic civilization for the history of Greek culture outside of Greece in this period.)
The restored Stoa of Attalus, Athens.
The restored Stoa of Attalus, Athens.

Athens and her allies revolted against Macedon upon hearing that Alexander had died, but was defeated within a year in the Lamian War. Meanwhile, a struggle for power broke out among Alexander's generals, which resulted in the break-up of his empire and the establishment of a number of new kingdoms (see the Wars of the Diadochi). Ptolemy was left with Egypt, Seleucus with the Levant, Mesopotamia, and points east. Control of Greece, Thrace, and Anatolia was contested, but by 298 BC the Antigonid dynasty had supplanted the Antipatrid.

Macedonian control of the Greek city-states was intermittent, with a number of revolts. Athens, Rhodes, Pergamum and other Greek states retained substantial independence, and joined the Aetolian League as a means of defending it. The Achaean League, while nominally subject to the Ptolemies was in effect independent, and controlled most of southern Greece. Sparta also remained independent, but generally refused to join any league.

In 267 BC Ptolemy II persuaded the Greek cities to revolt against Macedon, in what became the Chremonidean War, after the Athenian leader Chremonides. The cities were defeated and Athens lost her independence and her democratic institutions. This marked the end of Athens as a political actor, although it remained the largest, wealthiest and most cultivated city in Greece. In 225 Macedon defeated the Egyptian fleet at Cos and brought the Aegean islands, except Rhodes, under its rule as well.

Sparta remained hostile to the Achaeans, and in 227 BC invaded Achaea and seized control of the League. The remaining Acheans preferred distant Macedon to nearby Sparta, and allied with the former. In 222 BC the Macedonian army defeated the Spartans and annexed their city—the first time Sparta had ever been occupied by a foreign power.

Philip V of Macedon was the last Greek ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the ever-increasing power of Rome. Under his auspices the Peace of Naupactus (217 BC) brought conflict between Macedon and the Greek leagues to an end, and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens, Rhodes and Pergamum.

In 215 BC, however, Philip formed an alliance with Rome's enemy Carthage. Rome promptly lured the Achaean cities away from their nominal loyalty to Philip, and formed alliances with Rhodes and Pergamum, now the strongest power in Asia Minor. The First Macedonian War broke out in 212, and ended inconclusively in 205, but Macedon was now marked as an enemy of Rome.

In 202 BC Rome defeated Carthage, and was free to turn her attention eastwards. In 198 the Second Macedonian War broke out for obscure reasons, but basically because Rome saw Macedon as a potential ally of the Seleucids, the greatest power in the east. Philip's allies in Greece deserted him and in 197 he was decisively defeated at the Battle of Cynoscephalae by the Roman proconsul Titus Quinctius Flaminius.

Luckily for the Greeks, Flaminius was a moderate man and an admirer of Greek culture. Philip had to surrender his fleet and become a Roman ally, but was otherwise spared. At the Isthmian Games in 196, Flaminius declared all the Greek cities free, although Roman garrisons were placed at Corinth and Chalcis. But the freedom promised by Rome was an illusion. All the cities except Rhodes were enrolled in a new League which Rome ultimately controlled, and aristocratic constitutions were favoured and actively promoted.

[edit] Roman Period

Main article: Roman Greece

Militarily Greece itself declined to the point that the Romans conquered the land (187 BC onwards), though Greek culture would in turn conquer Roman life. Although the period of Roman rule in Greece is conventionally dated as starting from the sacking of Corinth by the Roman Lucius Mummius in 123 BC, Macedonia had already come under Roman control with the defeat of its king, Perseus, by the Roman Aemilius Paullus at Pydna in 168 BC. The Romans divided the region into four smaller republics, and in 146 BC Macedonia officially became a Roman province, with its capital at Thessalonica. The rest of the Greek city-states gradually and eventually paid homage to Rome ending their de jure autonomy as well. The Romans left local administration to the Greeks without making any attempt to abolish traditional political patterns. The agora in Athens continued to be the centre of civic and political life.

Caracalla's decree in 212 AD, the Constitutio Antoniniana, extended citizenship outside of Italy to all free adult males in the entire Roman Empire, effectively raising provincial populations to equal status with the city of Rome itself. The importance of this decree is historical rather than political. It set the basis for integration where the economic and judicial mechanisms of the state could be applied throughout the entire Mediterranean as was once done from Latium into all of Italy. In practice of course, integration did not take place uniformly. Societies already integrated with Rome, such as Greece, were favored by this decree, in comparison with those far away, too poor or just too alien such as Britain, Palestine or Egypt.

Caracalla's decree did not set in motion the processes that led to the transfer of power from Italy and the West to Greece and the East, but rather accelerated them, setting the foundations for the rise of Greece as a major power in Europe and the Mediterranean in the Middle Ages.

[edit] Byzantine Empire

Main articles: Byzantine Empire and Roman and Byzantine Greece

The history of the Byzantine Empire is described by scholar August Heisenberg as the history "of the Roman state of the Greek nation, that turned Christian". The division of the empire into East and West and the subsequent collapse of the Western Roman Empire were developments that constantly accentuated the position of the Greeks in the empire and eventually allowed them to become identified with it altogether. The leading role of Constantinople began when Constantine the Great turned Byzantium into the new capital of the Roman Empire, henceforth to be known as Constantinople, placing the city at the centre of Hellenism a beacon for the Greeks that lasted to the modern era.
Empress Theodora and her retinue (mosaic from Basilica of San Vitale, 6th century).
Empress Theodora and her retinue (mosaic from Basilica of San Vitale, 6th century).

The figures of Constantine the Great and Justinian dominated during 324–610. Assimilating the Roman tradition, the emperors sought to provide the basis for subsequent developments and for the formation of the Byzantine Empire. Efforts to secure the borders of the Empire and to restore the Roman territories marked the early centuries. At the same time, the definitive formation and establishment of the Orthodox doctrine, but also a series of conflicts resulting from heresies that developed within the boundaries of the empire marked the early period of Byzantine history.

In the first period of the middle Byzantine era (610–867) the empire was attacked both by old enemies (Persians, Langobards, Avars and Slavs) as well as by new ones, appearing for the first time in history (Arabs, Bulgarians). The main characteristic of this period was that the enemy attacks were not localized to the border areas of the state but they were extended deep beyond, even threatening the capital itself. At the same time, these attacks lost their periodical and temporary character and became permanent settlements that transformed into new states, hostile to Byzantium. Those states were referred by the Byzantines as Sclavinias. Changes were also observed in the internal structure of the empire which was dictated by both external and internal conditions. The predominance of the small free farmers, the expansion of the military estates and the development of the system of themes, brought to completion developments that had started in the previous period. Changes were noted also in the sector of administration: the administration and society had become immiscibly Greek, while the restoration of Orthodoxy after the iconoclast movement, allowed the successful resumption of missionary action among neighbouring peoples and their placement within the sphere of Byzantine cultural influence. During this period the state was geographically reduced and economically damaged, since it lost wealth-producing regions; however, it obtained greater lingual, dogmatic and cultural homogeneity.

From the late 8th century, the Empire began to recover from the devastating impact of successive invasions, and the reconquest of Greece began. Greeks from Sicily and Asia Minor were brought in as settlers. The Slavs were either driven out or assimilated and the Sclavinias were eliminated. By the middle of the 9th century, Greece was Greek again, and the cities began to recover due to improved security and the restoration of effective central control.

[edit] Economic prosperity

When the Byzantine Empire was rescued from a period of crisis by the resolute leadership of the three Komnenoi emperors Alexios, John and Manuel in the twelfth century, Greece prospered. Recent research has revealed that this period was a time of significant growth in the rural economy, with rising population levels and extensive tracts of new agricultural land being brought into production. The widespread construction of new rural churches is a strong indication that prosperity was being generated even in remote areas. A steady increase in population led to a higher population density, and there is good evidence that the demographic increase was accompanied by the revival of towns. According to Alan Harvey in his book ‘’Economic expansion in the Byzantine Empire 900-1200’’, towns expanded significantly in the twelfth century. Archaeological evidence shows an increase in the size of urban settlements, together with a ‘notable upsurge’ in new towns. Archaeological evidence tells us that many of the medieval towns, including Athens, Thessaloniki, Thebes and Corinth, experienced a period of rapid and sustained growth, starting in the eleventh century and continuing until the end of the twelfth century. The growth of the towns attracted the Venetians, and this interest in trade appears to have further increased economic prosperity in Greece. Certainly, the Venetians and others were active traders in the ports of the Holy Land, and they made a living out of shipping goods between the Crusader Kingdoms of Outremer and the West while also trading extensively with Byzantium and Egypt.

[edit] Artistic revival

The 11th and 12th centuries are said to be the Golden Age of Byzantine art in Greece. Many of the most important Byzantine churches in around Athens, for example, were built during these two centuries, and this reflects the growth of urbanisation in Greece during this period. There was also a revival in the mosaic art with artists showing great interest in depicting natural landscapes with wild animals and scenes from the hunt. Mosaics became more realistic and vivid, with an increased emphasis on depicting three-dimensional forms. With its love of luxury and passion for colour, the art of this age delighted in the production of masterpieces that spread the fame of Byzantium throughout the whole of the Christian world.
Byzantine Church in the Agora, Athens
Byzantine Church in the Agora, Athens

Beautiful silks from the work-shops of Constantinople also portrayed in dazzling colour animals - lions, elephants, eagles, and griffins - confronting each other, or representing Emperors gorgeously arrayed on horseback or engaged in the chase. In the provinces, regional schools of Architecture began producing many distinctive styles that drew on a range of cultural influences. All this suggests that there was an increased demand for art, with more people having access to the necessary wealth to commission and pay for such work.

Yet the marvellous expansion of Byzantine art during this period, one of the most remarkable facts in the history of the empire, did not stop there. From the tenth to the twelfth century Byzantium was the main source of inspiration for the West. By their style, arrangement, and iconography the mosaics of St. Mark's at Venice and of the cathedral at Torcello clearly reveal their Byzantine origin. Similarly those of the Palatine Chapel, the Martorana at Palermo, and the cathedral of Cefalu, together with the vast decoration of the cathedral at Monreale, demonstrate the influence of Byzantium οn the Norman Court of Sicily in the twelfth century. Hispano-Moorish art was unquestionably derived from the Byzantine. Romanesque art owes much to the East, from which it borrowed not only its decorative forms but the plan of some of its buildings, as is proved, for instance, by the domed churches of south-western France. Princes of Kiev, Venetian doges, abbots of Monte Cassino, merchants of Amalfi, and the Norman kings of Sicily all looked to Byzantium for artists or works of art. Such was the influence of Byzantine art in the twelfth century, that Russia, Venice, southern Italy and Sicily all virtually became provincial centres dedicated to its production.

[edit] The Fourth Crusade

Main article: Fourth Crusade

The year 1204 marks the beginning of the late Byzantine period, when probably the most important event for the Empire occurred. Constantinople was lost for the Greek people for the first time, and the empire was conquered by Latin crusaders and would be replaced by a new Latin one, for 57 years. In addition, the period of Latin occupation decisively influenced the empire's internal development, as elements of feudality entered aspects of Byzantine life. In 1261 the Greek empire was divided between the former Greek Byzantine Comnenos dynasty members (Epirus) and Palaiologos dynasty (the last dynasty until the fall of Constantinople). After the gradual weakening of the structures of the Greek Byzantine state and the reduction of its land from Turkish invasions, came the fall of the Greek Byzantine Empire, at the hands of the Ottomans, in 1453, when the Byzantine period is considered to have ended.

It must be pointed out that the term "Byzantine" is a contemporary one established by historians. People used to call the Empire from the 10th century on as the Greek Empire as well as Romeo-Greek before that time; that's why Greeks call themselves sometimes as Romioi in a colloquial form. The Romeo term was used sometimes because of the legal tradition left in many aspects of the political administration of the Empire. It must also be added that many empires all around Europe had been using this term, in addition to the Greek Byzantines, like the Carolingians, or the Heiliges Römisches Reich (Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium) of the Germans looking themselves as the legitimate heirs of the Roman Empire.

[edit] Ottoman Rule and the Rise of Modern Greece

Main articles: Ottoman Greece and History of Modern Greece

The Battle of Navarino, in October 1827, marked the effective end of Ottoman Rule in Greece.
The Battle of Navarino, in October 1827, marked the effective end of Ottoman Rule in Greece.

When the Ottomans arrived, two Greek migrations occurred. The first migration entailed the Greek intelligentsia migrating to Western Europe and influencing the advent of the Renaissance. The second migration entailed Greeks leaving the plains of the Greek peninsula and resettling in the mountains. Greece being mostly mountainous, the Ottomans could not conquer the entire Greek peninsula since they created neither a military nor an administrative presence in the mountains. There existed many Greek mountain clans all across the peninsula and islands. The Sfakiots of Crete, the Souliots of Epirus, and the Maniots of the Peloponnese were the most resilient mountain clans throughout the Ottoman Empire. By the end of the 16th century up until the 17th century, many Greeks began to migrate from the mountains to the plains. The millet system contributed to the ethnic cohesion of Orthodox Greeks by segregating the various peoples within the Ottoman Empire based on religion. The Greek Orthodox Church, an ethno-religious institution, helped the Greeks from all geographical areas of the peninsula (i.e., mountains, plains, and islands) to preserve their ethnic, cultural, and linguistic heritage during the years of Ottoman rule. The Greeks living in the plains during Ottoman occupation were either Christians who dealt with the burdens of foreign rule or Crypto-Christians (Greek Muslims who were secret practitioners of the Greek Orthodox faith). Many Greeks became Crypto-Christians in order to avoid heavy taxes and at the same time express their identity by maintaining their secret ties to the Greek Orthodox Church. However, Greeks who converted to Islam and were not Crypto-Christians were deemed Turks in the eyes of Orthodox Greeks, even if they didn't adopt Turkish language.

[edit] The modern Greek state

Main article: History of Modern Greece

The expansion of Greece from 1832 to 1947, showing territories awarded to Greece by the Treaty of Sèvres but lost in 1923 under the Treaty of Lausanne (click to enlarge)
The expansion of Greece from 1832 to 1947, showing territories awarded to Greece by the Treaty of Sèvres but lost in 1923 under the Treaty of Lausanne (click to enlarge)

The Ottomans ruled Greece until the early 19th century. On March 25, 1821 (also the same day as the Greek Orthodox day of the Annunciation of the Theotokos), the Greeks rebelled and declared their independence, but did not achieve it until 1829. The big European powers saw the war of Greek independence, with its accounts of Turkish atrocities, in a romantic light (see, for example, the 1824 painting Massacre of Chios by Eugène Delacroix). Scores of non-Greeks volunteered to fight for the cause, including Lord Byron. At times the Ottomans seemed on the point of suppressing the Greek revolution but for the threatened direct military intervention of France, England or Russia. The Russian minister for foreign affairs, Ioannis Kapodistrias, himself a Greek, returned home as President of the new Republic following Greek independence. That republic disappeared when the European powers helped turn Greece into a monarchy; the first king, Otto came from Bavaria and the second, George I from Denmark.

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, in a series of wars with the Ottomans, Greece sought to enlarge its boundaries to include the ethnic Greek population of the Ottoman Empire. (The Ionian Islands were returned by England upon the arrival of the new king from Denmark in 1863, and Thessaly was ceded by the Ottomans without a fight). As a result of the Balkan Wars of 1912-13 Epirus, southern Macedonia, Crete and the Aegean Islands were annexed into Greece. Greece reached its present configuration in 1947.

[edit] World War I and the Greco-Turkish War

The neutrality of this article is disputed.
Please see the discussion on the talk page.

In World War I, Greece sided with the entente powers against Turkey and the other Central Powers. In the war's aftermath, the Great Powers awarded parts of Asia Minor to Greece, including the city of Smyrna (known as İzmir today) which had a majority Greek population [citations needed]. At that time, however, the Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, overthrew the Ottoman government, organised a military assault on the Greek troops, and defeated them. Immediately afterwards, over one million native Greeks of Turkey had to leave for Greece as a population exchange with hundreds of thousands of Muslims living in the Greek state (see Greco-Turkish War of 1919-1922).

[edit] World War II

Despite the country's numerically small and ill-equipped armed forces, Greece made a decisive contribution to the Allied efforts in World War II. At the start of the war Greece sided with the Allies and refused to give in to Italian demands. Italy invaded Greece on 28 October 1940, but Greek troops repelled the invaders after a bitter struggle (see Greco-Italian War). This marked the first Allied victory in the war. Hitler then reluctantly stepped in, primarily to secure his strategic southern flank: troops from Germany, Bulgaria and Italy successfully invaded Greece, overcoming Greek, British, Australian and New Zealand units.

However, when the Germans attempted to seize Crete in a massive attack by paratroops—with the aim of reducing the threat of a counter-offensive by Allied forces in Egypt— the Cretan civilians and Allied Forces, offered fierce resistance. The Greek campaign delayed German military plans against Russia and it is argued that German invasion of the Soviet Union started fatally close to winter.

During the years of Occupation of Greece by Nazi Germany, thousands of Greeks died in direct combat, in concentration camps or of starvation. The occupiers murdered the greater part of the Jewish community despite efforts by the Greek Orthodox Church and many Christian Greeks to shelter Jews. The economy was devastated. After liberation, Greece experienced an equally bitter civil war—between communist insurgents and government forces (that encompassed republicans, liberals, fascists, royalists and conservatives) ; it lasted until 1949.

[edit] Postwar recovery

In the 1950s and 1960s, Greece developed rapidly, initially with the help of the U.S. Marshall Plans' grants and loans, and later through growth in the tourism sector. In 1967, the Greek military seized power in a coup d'état, overthrew the centre right government of Panagiotis Kanellopoulos and established the Greek military junta of 1967-1974 which became known as the Régime of the Colonels. The Central Intelligence Agency was involved in the coup and President Clinton later apologised for the interference. In 1973, the régime abolished the Greek monarchy. In 1974, dictator Papadopoulos denied help to the U.S. and rumor has it that as a result the U.S., through Kissinger's efforts, initiated a second coup. Colonel Ioannides was appointed as the new head-of-state.

Many hold Ioannides responsible for the coup against President Makarios of Cyprus—the coup seen as the pretext for the first wave of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 (see Greco-Turkish relations). The Cyprus events and the outcry following a bloody suppression of Athens Polytechnic uprising in Athens led to the implosion of the military régime. A charismatic exiled politician, Konstantinos Karamanlis, returned from Paris as interim prime minister and later gained re-election for two further terms at the head of the conservative Nea Dimokratia party.

[edit] Restoration of democracy

In 1975, following a referendum to confirm the deposition of King Constantine II, a democratic republican constitution came into force. Another previously exiled politician, Andreas Papandreou also returned and founded the socialist PASOK party, which won the elections in 1981 and dominated the country's political course for almost two decades.

Since the restoration of democracy, the stability and economic prosperity of Greece have remarkably grown. Greece joined the European Union in 1981 and adopted the Euro as its currency in 2001. New infrastructure, funds from the EU and growing revenues from tourism, shipping, services, light industry and the telecommunications industry have brought Greeks an unprecedented standard of living. Tensions continue to exist between Greece and Turkey over Cyprus and the delimitation of borders in the Aegean Sea but relations have considerably thawed following successive earthquakes—first in Turkey and then in Greece—and an outpouring of sympathy and generous assistance by ordinary Greeks and Turks.

[edit] See also

* Ancient Greece
* Byzantine Empire
* Church of Greece
* History of the Balkans
* History of Europe
* Minoan civilization
* Aegean Sea
* Mycenae, Mycenaean language, Linear B
* Achaeans
* Helladic, Bronze Age
* Ancient Olympic Games
* Architecture of Ancient Greece
* Art in Ancient Greece
* Eleusinian Mysteries



* Fiction set in Ancient Greece
* Greek literature
* Greek mathematics
* Greek philosophy
* Greek theatre
* Greek refugees
* History of Athens
* History of the Greek language
* Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece
* List of ancient Greeks
* List of ancient Greek cities
* Timeline of Ancient Greece
* Timeline of modern Greek history
* Timeline of Greek history

[edit] References

* Chadwick, John (1976). The Mycenaean World. Cambridge UP. ISBN 0-521-29037-6.
* Mountjoy, P.A. (1986). Mycenaean Decorated Pottery: A Guide to Identification. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 73. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Forlag. ISBN 91-86098-32-2.
* Mylonas, George E. (1966). Mycenae and the Mycenaean Age. Princeton UP. ISBN 0-691-03523-7.
* Podzuweit, Christian (1982). "Die mykenische Welt und Troja". In: B. Hänsel (ed.), Südosteuropa zwischen 1600 und 1000 v. Chr., 65-88.
* Taylour, Lord William (1964). The Mycenaeans. Revised edition (1990). London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27586-6.
* Latacz, J. Between Troy and Homer. The so-called Dark Ages in Greece, in: Storia, Poesia e Pensiero nel Mondo antico. Studi in Onore di M. Gigante, Rome, 1994

Edgar
07-29-2007, 08:48 AM
im so confused right now

Helghast
07-29-2007, 09:24 PM
Wikipedia answers everything.

SimpleSexy180
07-29-2007, 10:04 PM
whoever has the balls to love tap when u pass. WIN!. jk..no clue what im saying...

time for another corona..

blu808
07-30-2007, 04:02 AM
whoever has the balls to love tap when u pass. WIN!. jk..no clue what im saying...

time for another corona..


City of Corona Fiscal Year 2005-06 Page 369
THE HISTORY OF CORONA: THE “CIRCLE CITY”
By Gloria Scott Freel, Corona Public Library, Senior Librarian, Heritage Room
The City of Corona is located approximately 45 miles southeast of Los Angeles in western
Riverside County. The community is ideally situated at the base of the mountainous Cleveland
National Forest on an alluvial plain leading down or north to the Santa Ana River. The
estimated population for July 1, 2005 is 142,522, and the city limits cover approximately 38
square miles. The mean temperature in January has averaged 51.6 degrees, and in July 74.8
degrees. Rainfall averages 2.71 inches in January and .01 inches in July. Corona is a
General Law City. Five Corona citizens make up the Corona City Council and each is elected
to a four-year term of office.
Historically, the area has many significant features: The Luiseno Indians, the site of the first
Spanish family to settle in Riverside County, the Temescal Tin Mines, and some of the best
clay and mineral deposits in the United States. The City is also renowned for its circular Grand
Boulevard where international road racing events once took place. Other business firsts
include: the first United States lemon processing plant built in 1915; and the world’s largest
cheese plant, which opened on Lincoln Avenue in 1985 on land where the Desi Arnaz horse
ranch once stood. The local Luiseno Indians were known as hunters and gatherers. They
hunted for such animals as bear, snakes, rodents, coyote, rabbits, birds and fish. They made
straw baskets from wild grasses, constructed clay containers and gathered acorns, seeds, wild
berries, and roots for food. These Native Americans were very clean and used the hot waters
and natural springs in the Temescal Canyon to bathe on a daily basis and as part of their
religious ceremonies. (Current residents and visitors still enjoy the rejuvenating mud baths
and hot springs at the Glen Ivy resort.) Luiseno religious ceremonies were strictly followed and
remnants of some of their artistic pictographs and petroglyphs can still be found on some of
the rocks in the undeveloped areas.
These Shoshonean Indian tribes came under the influence of the Spanish settlers at the
Mission San Luis Rey, and they were given the name Luiseno. As Spanish settlement
progressed inland, the land soon was taken over by the Spanish ranchos. Sheep and cattle
dotted the hills from the ranchos run by the Serrano, Cota, Sepulveda and Botiller families.
Remnants of the Serrano tanning vat are still found on Old Temescal Canyon Road. This is
also the route that was taken by the Butterfield State Route that brought many Americans to
California along the southern route between 1858 and 1861. Plaques marking the sites of
Indian petroglyphs, the Butterfield Stage stops and the Serrano adobe and tanning vats are
still found along this road.
In 1886, developer Robert Taylor persuaded his partners: Rimpau, Joy, Garretson and Merrill
to form the South Riverside Land and Water Company. Together they raised approximately
$110,000 to purchase approximately 12,000 acres of good agricultural land. Taylor realized
the importance of water for the soon to be developed community, and additional funds were
used to ensure that sufficient water rights were obtained. Taylor hired Anaheim engineer H. C.
Kellogg to design a circular Grand Boulevard three miles round. Early residents used to
parade their fancy buggies on this circular street that enclosed the main functions of the
community: schools, churches, residences and stores. To the north along the railroad tracks
were the manufacturing plants and packing houses. The southern end of town was left to the
citrus industry, and the mining companies were established just outside the city’s southeastern
and eastern city limits.
370
City of Corona Fiscal Year 2005-06 Page 370
THE HISTORY OF CORONA: THE “CIRCLE CITY”
By Gloria Scott Freel, Corona Public Library, Senior Librarian, Heritage Room
The town’s founders initially named their development South Riverside after the successful
citrus community of Riverside, just a few miles away. In 1896 there was a movement to
incorporate and change the town name. The citizens were anxious to establish their own
identity and did not want to be considered an extension of the City of Riverside. On July 26,
1896 an incorporation vote was successful and the City of Corona’s date of incorporation was
July 13, 1896. The name "Corona" was suggested, standing for the circle within the City and
the connotative crown.
Since Corona’s 1900 population of 1,434, there have been numerous changes. On September
9, 1913, in observance of California’s Admission’s Day, Corona residents celebrated with an
international automobile race on the Boulevard. The event attracted such auto racing greats
as: Ralph DePalma, Barney Oldfield, Terrible Teddy Tetzlaff and Earl Cooper. More than
100,000 people came to the town of 4,000 to watch Cooper win the race and a prize of $8,250.
It was so successful that races were held again in 1914 and 1916. The demise of the Corona
road races was due not only to the tragic deaths which occurred in 1916, but because of the
cost and local effort needed to continually stage such an extravagant event.
During the teens and twenties, Corona citizens built numerous churches, a library and a new
city hall. By 1915 the production of lemons was exceeding national demand, and local
businessmen worked together to form the first Lemon Exchange By-Products Company in the
United States. Located on Joy and the railroad tracks, this cooperative was eventually bought
out by Sunkist. In 1954 they employed more than 700 people and marketed a variety of lemon
products for worldwide disbursement. The plant produced citric acid, lemon oil, lemon juice
and pectin which helped Corona to gain the nickname “Lemon Capital of the World.” As
housing developments began to overtake the Southern California citrus orchards, Sunkist
found that the lack of a local supply was forcing them to move. They closed the Corona plant
in 1982.
Mining has always played a secondary but vital role to the more prominent citrus industry.
Now that citrus has declined and the mines remain, they have again become a focal point in
Corona industry. Historically this area is known for having the only productive tin mine in the
country, and it produced tin until 1893. Other more successful mining ventures included the
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (previously Blue Diamond Mine), the Pacific
Clay Company (organized in 1886), Redlands Clay Tile, Maruhachi Ceramics, Monier Roof
Tile and US Tile. By 1954, the city had more than 11,000 inhabitants and was home to such
industries as the Corona Clipper Company, Liston Brick Company, Borden Food Products, and
Tillotsen Refractories. The only oil wells in Riverside County were located in the hills just
northwest of the town.
During the 1980s, both Southern California and Corona began to grow. The Riverside
Freeway (Highway 91) was constructed through Corona in 1962. Downtown Corona went
through urban renewal in the late 60s and 70s, razing the old and putting in a new downtown.
By 1989, the I-15 was constructed on the east of town, and the development of Sierra del Oro,
Corona Hills, and South Corona were put into full gear. New commercial developments began
opening on Lincoln Avenue, McKinley Avenue, and in Sierra del Oro. Price Club, Walmart,
371
City of Corona Fiscal Year 2005-06 Page 371
THE HISTORY OF CORONA: THE “CIRCLE CITY”
By Gloria Scott Freel, Corona Public Library, Senior Librarian, Heritage Room
and the new auto mall became important parts of the city’s revitalization plan. In June 1993,
the City opened the newly redone Corona Public Library at 650 South Main Street with 62,300
square feet of space. The new library had not only devoted the usual space to adult and
children’s services, but added a Friends of the Corona Public Library bookshop, exhibit gallery,
Heritage Room, community meeting rooms, study rooms and an adult literacy program, along
with expanded automated technology. Additional plans for revitalizing downtown were
addressed at an October 1995 community charette. By 1996, Corona’s population had
topped 100,000 people, there were 32 Corona parks, a Senior Center, gymnasium, and 30
schools in the Corona/Norco Unified School District.
CORONA TODAY
Corona has been a high growth City in the last decade and has doubled its size since 1987 to
the July 1, 2005 estimated population of 142,522 (Source: California Department of Finance).
The incorporated boundaries of Corona currently encompass approximately 38 square miles.
The attractiveness of the City as a residential and business community is attributable to
several factors. Corona is centrally situated in the heart of Southern California at the gateway
to Orange County and the "Inland Empire" counties of Riverside and San Bernardino. The
community is strategically located at the intersection of two major freeway systems, the
east/west 91 Riverside Freeway that connects Riverside with Orange and Los Angeles County
communities, and the north/south I-15 Interstate Freeway that connects San Diego and Las
Vegas.
Large vacant parcels of affordable land ready for development have attracted many housing
and industrial developers away from Los Angeles and Orange Counties. Likewise, the
development of a variety of master planned housing opportunities from custom lot estates to
luxury apartments with parks, green belts and bicycle trails has allowed new development to
be priced considerably below the Los Angeles and Orange County markets and has resulted in
significant increases in population.
City of Corona Fiscal Year 2005-06 Page 372
GENERAL INFORMATION AND CORONA PROFILE
Date of Incorporation July 26, 1896
Form of Government General Law, City Council – City Manager
Incorporated Area Approximately 38 square miles
Population 142,522 Source: California Department of Finance
July 2005 projection
Ethnicity White 47.0%
Hispanic 35.7%
Asian and Pacific Islander 7.8%
Black or African American 6.4%
Other 3.1%
Source: U.S. Census 2000
Median Age 29.9 years Source: U.S. Census 2000
Average Household Income $78,000 Source: Redevelopment & Economic Development Dept.
Registered Voters 59,414 Source: Riverside County Registrar of Voters
Housing Total Housing Units: 44,248 Source: Planning Department
School District Corona-Norco Unified School District
Elementary Schools 27
Intermediate Schools 6
High Schools 4
Other (Alternative, Special Ed., etc.) 4
Source: Corona-Norco Unified School District Website
Corona-Norco is the largest school district in Riverside County.
Source: CA Dept. of Education
Enrollment in the Five Largest Riverside
County School Districts, 2004-05
45,551 45,521
35,937
27,059 25,653
Corona
Norco
Riverside
Unified
Moreno
Valley
Desert
Sands
Temecula
Valley
City of Corona Fiscal Year 2005-06 Page 373
GENERAL INFORMATION AND CORONA PROFILE
30.48
30.52
31.44
43.69
50.55
54.02
Colleges/Universities There are 28 public and private colleges within 45 minutes of
the City of Corona including:
California Baptist College
California State University San Bernardino
La Sierra University
Riverside Community College
University California Riverside
Fire Protection Services City of Corona
Number of Stations 7
Number of Firefighters/Fire Personnel 105
Police Protection Services City of Corona
Number of Stations 1
Number of “Zone Offices” 3
Number of Sworn Police Personnel 166
Crime Ranking Corona has one of the lowest crime rates among
Inland Empire cities with populations of 100,000 people or more.
Source: State of California, Office of the Attorney General
2003 Crime Statistics
* Crime Rates include violent crimes, property crimes, and larceny-theft.
Water/Wastewater Services City of Corona – number of accounts 40,219
Inland Empire Cities – Population Greater than 100,000
Crime Rates* – Crimes per 1,000 people
Rancho Cucamonga - Population: 146,700
Fontana - Population: 145,800
Corona - Population: 137,000
Moreno Valley - Population: 150,200
Ontario - Population: 165,700
Riverside - Population: 274,100
City of Corona Fiscal Year 2005-06 Page 374
GENERAL INFORMATION AND CORONA PROFILE
Parks and Landscape Areas Neighborhood Parks 132.85 acres
Community/Sports Parks 208.44 acres
People per park acre 417.60
Based on California Dept. of Finance July 2005 population estimate
Community Airport 96.00 acres
Total maintained acreage 437.29 acres
Employment Base 63,000 Source: Redevelopment and Economic
Development Department
Top Employers Corona-Norco Unified School District
Watson Laboratories, Inc.
Corona Regional Medical Center
Kaiser Permanente
City of Corona
All American Asphalt
Dart Container Corporation
Fender USA
Recreation and Entertainment Corona Public Library
Movie theaters
Four golf courses
Laser tag
Inline skating
Various restaurants and shopping
Fender Museum of Music and the Arts
City of Corona Fiscal Year 2005-06 Page 375
GENERAL INFORMATION AND CORONA PROFILE
* Sacramento
* San Diego
* Los Angeles
* San Francisco
* Eureka
* Corona
* Bakersfield
* Fresno
* San Bernardino
* San Luis Obispo
* Palm Springs
City of Corona
County: Riverside
Incorporation: July 26, 1896
Population: 142,522
Source: California Department of
Finance July 2005 projection
Incorporated Area: Approximately 38 square miles
City

ripnbst
07-30-2007, 09:36 AM
LMAO at the wikipedia responses.

jkeisser
07-30-2007, 10:22 AM
lol
Wiki FTW!